摘要：在现代社会，人们生活水平得到极大提高，体育运动尤其是篮球运动逐渐成为人们生活中不可或缺的一部分，这使得体育新闻在当今新闻报道中占有极大的地位。体育运动其最基本的功能的确是强身健体，但是作为社会文明的一种形式，它又担负着其他的社会功能。因而，体育新闻英语的翻译在全球化的当今社会有重要的文化意义和现实意义。在这样的情况下，体育新闻的翻译必须跳出以单纯的语言对等为原则的模式而寻求新的发展。功能学派主要代表之一Hans.Vermeer提出了功能派最重要的理论——目的论，其认为目的是翻译的主要决定要素，翻译中要更多地考虑文化、交际背景等因素，这成为体育新闻翻译的一种重要视角。关键词：目的论；体育新闻；英译汉中图分类号：H315.9文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-5039(2012)04-0153-04OnTranslationofEnglishSportsNewsfromSkoposPerspectiveSUNHui,WANGXue-jun(CentralChinaNormalUniversity,Wuhan430079,China)Abstract:Withtheimprovementofpeople'slifenowadays,sports,especiallybasketballgames,havebecomeanindispensablepartofourdailylife,whichmakessportsnewstakingabigpartinthenews.Thebasicfunctionofsportsistokeeppeoplefitandhealthy,butasaformofsocialcivilization,ithasotherfunctions.Consequently,thetranslationofsportsnewshasgreatpracticalandtheoreticalsignificanceintoday'ssociety.Inviewofthis,thetranslationofsportsnewsshouldseekitsownwaytosubstitutetraditionalstrategies,whicharemostlybasedonlingualequivalence.Skopos,themostimportanttheoryofFunctionalism,whichispromotedbyHansVermeer,holdsthat\"skop⁃os\"istheprincipledeterminantintranslation.Itthinksthatculturalandcommunicationalbackgroundshouldbetakenintoaccount,whichbecomesanimportantangleintranslationofsportsnews.Keywords:Skopos;Englishsportsnews;English-ChinesetranslationAssoonassportsappear,ithasbecomeoneofthemostimpor⁃tantactivitiesinhumanbeing'slife.Itseemsthatnobodyhasantici⁃patedtheprofoundeffectsofsportsinbothculturalfieldandase⁃riesoffieldsderivingfromit.Eachelementinculture,especiallysports,isborntoservehumanbeings.Itnotonlybenefitspeople'shealth,butalsodoesmuchgoodtothesociety.Withthegreatim⁃provementofeconomicandstandardsoflife,thespreadofsportshasbecomeanecessity.Consequently,sportsnewsisbecomingin⁃creasinglyimportant.Giventhediversitiesincultureandlanguageandthefastdevelopmentofsportsinwesterncountries,thetransla⁃tionofEnglishsportsnewsisofgreatsignificanceaswellasabigchallengefortranslators,thusattractingmoreandmoreattentionfromtheacademicworld.
Inviewofthis,thepresentpaperattemptstomakeastudyoftheE-CtranslationofsportsnewsfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory.Thethesisfallsintothreeparts.Thefirstpartisanintroduc⁃tionoftheoreticalbasis.AfterthatthereisageneralsurveyofEng⁃lishsportsnews.ThelastparttriestoanalyzethetranslationofEng⁃lishsportsnewsfromSkoposperspective.
shoulddependonthetranslationbrief.ChristianeNordhasdefinedfunctionalistapproachesas\"atranslationwhichthinksmuchmoreoffunctionortextual-function\".Translationisaformoftranslation⁃alactionandanintentionalcross-culturalinterpersonalcommuni⁃cativeactionbasedonsourcetextfromtheperspectiveofFunction⁃alistapproaches.(伍锋、何庆机,2008:19)Todefine\"translation\"withtheword\"action\"meansthattranslationisconductedwithcleartarget.Lateronthebasisofthisnotion,Katharina'sstudent,HansJ.Vermeer,whoisalsooneofthemostoutstandingfunctional⁃ists,establishedthefundamentaltheoryoffunctionalism:Skopostheory,whichisbasedonactiontheoryandinterculturalcommuni⁃cationtheory.Accordingtoit,skoposliesinalltranslationalaction.Itisassignedbymeansofcommissionandjustifiesthewholetrans⁃lationprocess.Thetranslator,anexpertintranslationalaction,adoptspropertranslationstrategiesaccordingtothespecificskoposandcommissiontorealizetheexpectedfunctionofthetargettext.Itdethronesourcetextastheonlyyardsticktotranslationandgrantstranslatorsmorefreedom,Skopostheory,comparedwithothertrans⁃lationtheories,ismorefeasibleforthetranslationofappliedtexts.Asabreakthroughatthetraditionalideaofequivalenceandasig⁃nificantcomplementtotranslationtheories,thistheoryopensupanewperspectiveforthetranslationpracticeandstudy.Accordingtoit,translatingisapurposefulactivity.Theprimeprincipledetermin⁃inganytranslationprocessisthepurpose(skopos)ofoveralltransla⁃
1Theoreticalbasis
1.1Introductiontoskopostheory
GermanFunctionalismcameintobeingin1970s.ItsfounderKatharinaReissproposedthatprospectivefunctionoftargettext
收稿日期：2011-10-12修回日期：2011-11-08作者简介：孙辉（1987-），男，湖北十堰人，华中师范大学体育学学士，主要研究方向为篮球；王雪君（1990-），女，就读于华中师范大学。本栏目责任编辑：梁书
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translators,andsoon.\"(quotedin高杰,2006:23)Itisdynamic,flexibleandcanprovidemorechoicesfortranslation.
tionalaction.Accordingly,\"adequacy\"whichreferstothequalitiesofatargetwithregardtothetranslationpurposeistakenasthecri⁃terionoftranslation.
1.2Threerulesofskopostheory
Asthemostimportanttheoryoffunctionalism,skopostheoryhasitsowndistinctivecharacteristics.Threerulesareputforwardtogovernandguidethetranslationalaction:skoposrule,coherenceruleandfidelityrule.Theserulesareusedtoaccommodatetransla⁃tionstodifferentfunctions.1.2.1Skoposrule
Amongthethreeruleslistedabove,skoposruleistheprimaryonewhichalltranslationsshouldfollow.Itisthetop-rankingrulethatmeans\"theendjustifiesthemeans\"(Nord,2001:29)Accord⁃ingtothisrule,notthesource-textitselfbuttheexpectanteffectde⁃terminesthetranslation.(贾文波:2007)Skopostheorythinksthatthecommunicationalobjectiveoftranslationsisdeterminedbytheinitiatoroftranslating.Theskoposwhichatranslationalactionistoachievedeterminestheprocessoftranslationalaction.Soitisofgreatimportancetofigureoutwhattheskoposis.
Manyfactorsmayaffecttheskoposofatranslationalactivity.Inthefirstplace,itinvolvesthebasicpurposeoftranslators.Sec⁃ondly,itconcernsthecommunicationalpurposeoftranslations.Lastbutnottheleast,itdragsinapeculiarpurposeexpectedtoachievebyspecialtranslationalstrategy.However,usually,the\"skopos\"pointstothesecondfactor.Thecommunicationalskoposisdeterminedbytheinitiatoroftranslating.Theinitiatorwillex⁃plainhisneedforthetranslation,inanidealsituation,tellaboutthereceiveroftranslation,theenvironmentofapplyingtranslation,andthefunctionstranslationshouldown,allofwhichconstruct\"translationbrief.\"\"translationbrief\"cantellwhatkindoftransla⁃tionisneededtothetranslator.However,thatdoesn'tmeanthetranslatorwillacceptitpassively.Hesurelycanhaveahandinde⁃cidingtheskoposoftranslation,especiallywhentheinitiatordoesn'tknowmuchabouttheskoposbecauseofalackofprofession⁃alknowledge.Thetranslatorshouldmakeadiscussionwiththeini⁃tiatortofindtheskopos.1.2.2Coherencerule
Coherenceruleistheprinciplethattranslatorsshouldprovideinformationreconcilingwithreaders'culturalbackgroundandcom⁃munioncircumstance.Itisalsocalled\"intra-textualcoherence\whichrequiresthattheversionshouldbeunderstandableandmakegoodsensetothetargetreaders.1.2.3Fiderityrule
Fidelityruleisalsocalled\"inter-textualcoherence\whichmeansthatthetarget-textshouldconformtoitssource-text,oritshouldbearsomerelationwiththesourcetext.Itissomewhataliketoequivalencetheory.ButinFunctionalism,fidelityruleshouldbesubordinatetoskoposruleandcoherencerule.Neglectingthefideli⁃tyruleisnotthepurpose.Infact,wecanseethattheconsistencyintranslationisimportant.Functionalismarguesagainstthehide⁃boundconsistencybetweenthesource-textandthetarget-text.Butitstillinsistsontherelationshipbetweenthem.So,wecanhaveaconclusionthatfidelityruleshouldbeflexibleused.Itisnotanab⁃solutelyprecisenessconclusionforanykindoftranslation.
Tosumup,justasNordnoted,\"thefunctionalistviewoftrans⁃lationisintendedtosolvetheeternaldilemmasoffreevs.literaltranslation,adaptationvs.alienation,goodinterpretersvs.slavish154
2AGeneralSurveyofEnglishSportsNews
2.1Definitionofsportsnews
Sports,thesignofsocialcivilization,areanindispensablepartofoursocialandculturallife.Therefore,thedevelopmentofsportsenjoysauniversalattention.Asweallknow,nowadaysnewsisbe⁃comingmoreandmoreessentialtopeople'slife.TheOxfordAd⁃vancedLearners'English-ChineseDictionarydefinesnewsas\"neworfreshinformation;reportsofrecentevents;person,thing,event,etc.thatisinterestingenoughtobereportedasnews\".Thetypicalnewsdefinitionsofwesternjournalisminclude:\"newsisareportofallevent,containingtimely(oratleasthithertounknown)informa⁃tionwhichhasbeenaccuratelygatheredandwrittenbytrainedre⁃portersforthepurposeofservingthereader,listenerorviewer;whathappensandwhatmenthink,doandfeelaboutit—thisisthefirstconcernofthepress\"(Fedler,1997:174-175).Sportsnewsisthecommunicationofselectedinformationoncurrenteventswhichispresentedbyprint,broadcast,Internet,orwordofmouthtoathirdpartyormassaudience.Whensportsrunintonews,sportsnewscomesintobeing.Today,thesportssectionoftenmakesupasmuchasonequarterofsomedailynewspapers.Millionsuponmil⁃lionsofnewsareprintedeachyearaboutsports.Thus,sportsnewsoccupiesaveryimportantplaceinourdailylife.
2.2ThelanguagecharacteristicsofEnglishsportsnewsAsapartofnewsreporting,Englishsportsnewspossessesitsdistinctivefeaturesoutsideofthegeneralcharacteristicsthatalltypesofnewshave,whicharediscussedasfollows.2.2.1Lexicalcharacteristics
Inthefirstplace,agreatamountofwordsandphrasesofcollo⁃quialstyleareused.Asisknowntousall,peoplekeenonsportsaretheyouth,andtheyarethegroupwhobuynewspapersandmag⁃azinesmost.Inordertosatisfythem,nowadaysthelanguageofsportsnewshasbecomemoreandmorecolloquialandentertaining.Forexample,thisisbasketballnewswhichisreportedbyESPN.\"HoustonRocketswilltaketheirlumpssoonbecausetheyhavelit⁃tleexperienceofpostseason.\"(休斯顿火箭队将很快被踢出局，因为他们缺乏季后赛的经验。)Inthissentence,\"takelumps\"means\"fail\whichislargelycolloquial.
Thesecondlexicalcharacteristicistheextensiveuseofacro⁃nyms.Acronymreferstoawordformedfromtheinitiallettersofagroupofwords.(戴炜栋，何兆熊:2002:99).Itisinneedtosuitforthehighspeeddevelopmentandtherequirementofmodernsociety.Forinstance,\"NBAisNorthAmerica'spremierprofessionalmen'sbasketballleague,composedofthirtyteamsfromCanadaandtheUSA.ItisanactivememberofUSAB,whichisrecognizedbytheIBFastheNGBforbasketballintheUS.\"Thissentenceuses5ac⁃ronymstointroduceNBA.NBAisforNationalBasketballAssocia⁃tion,USABforUnitedStateofAmericaBasketball,andIBFforIn⁃ternationalBasketballAssociationandNGBforNationalGoverningBody.Anotherexample,\"WiththeapprovaloftheIOCtheBeijing2008WushuTournamentisco-sponsoredbytheBOCOG,IWUFandCWUA.\"Inthissentence,thereare28words,andacronymsap⁃pear4times:IOCstandsforInternationalOlympicCommittee,BO⁃COGforBeijingOrganizingCommitteefortheOlympicGames,IWUFforInternationalWushuFederation,andCWUAforChinese
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WushuAssociation.Acronymsareconvenientforreporterstowriteandrememberandforreaderstoreadandremember.Anditwouldbetoowordytotellthewholenameofthem.NowonderacronymsarewidelyusednowadaysinsportsEnglishnews.
Thethirdlexicalfeatureisitsextensiveuseofsportsterminolo⁃gy.Terminologyreferstothesetoftechnicalwordsorexpressionusedinaparticularsubject.Itiseasyforustofindthattherearemanysportsterminologiesinsportsnews.Forexample:\"WhileNowitzkis'ninthseasonwasn'thishighestscoring,itwashismostaccurate.Hesetcareerhighsinshootingpercentageonfieldgoals(50.12%),32pointers(41.16%)andfreethrows(90.14%);nootherplayerintheleaguetopped50,40and90percent.\"Inthissentenc⁃es,\"season\"meansanyofthefourmainperiodsofayearwhenaparticularactivityhappens.\"Fieldgoalpercentage\"inbasketballistheratiooffieldgoalsmadetofieldgoalsattempted.Itsabbrevia⁃tionisFG.A\"three-pointfieldgoal\"(alsoknownasthree-pointer)isafieldgoalinabasketballgame,madefrombeyondthethree-pointline,adesignatedarcradiatingfromthebasket.2.2.2Syntacticcharacteristics
DifferentfromEnglishinotherfields,sportsEnglishhasitsuniquesyntacticfeatures,whichhelptoachievevividnessandglam⁃ourofsports.Thefollowingsentencepatternsarefrequentlyusedandseeninsportsnews.
1)Declarativesentence.Adeclarativesentencesimplystatesafactoranargument,withoutrequiringeitheranansweroractionfromreaderorlistener.Adeclarativesentenceusuallyendsinape⁃riod.ThedeclarativesentenceisoneofthemostimportanttypeinEnglishsportnews.Itisusedmoreoftenthananyothertype.De⁃clarativesentencesoftenappearinthedetailreportsandarticlesofsportsnews.Thus,readerswillgettoknowthedetailsaboutthematchesclearlythroughreadingtheselongsentences.
2)Imperativesentence.Imperativesentenceorcommandisprimarilyusedtoinstructsomebodytodosomething.Animperativesentencegivesadirectcommandtosomeone.Imperativesentenceusuallycanbeseeninthecommentsonsportsinordertograspreaders'attentionandleavereadersinthemeditationofasportsin⁃cident.
Besides,inordertogivemoreinformationandtransmitclearinformationtoreaders,insportsnewsattributiveclauses,appositiveclausesandcomplexsentencesareoftenused.Forexample,forat⁃tributiveclausewehavethisexample:\"SwedishveteranHenrikLarsson,whohasjustjoinedBarcelonaafterhiscountry'sEuro2004campaign,isalsolikelytomakethetriptoChina.\"Iftheat⁃tributiveclause\"whohasjustjoinedBarcelonaafterhiscountry'sEuro2004campaign\"isomitted,readershavenowaytolearnthatHenrikLarssonhasjustjoinedBarcelona.Moreinformationcarriedbythesesentencepatternsmakereaderlargelyinformed.2.2.3Rhetoricalcharacteristics
AccordingtoCharlesBazerman,rhetoricis\"Thestudyofhowpeopleuselanguageandothersymbolstorealizehumangoalsandcarryouthumanactivity.\"(Bazerman,1998)Inacertainsense,rhetoricisatechniquemakingitpossibletoapplyreasontoimagi⁃nation,forthebettermovingofthewill.Sportsnewsshouldbeac⁃tiveandcaptivatingonthepremiseofbeingtrueandhonest.What'smore,sportsnewsneedtobevisualizedenough.Asaresult,insportsnewsvariousrhetoricaldevicesmaybeusedtoexaggeratetheatmosphereofcompetitionandmakeitmorereadable.
First,let'slookatsimile.Theword\"simile\"derivesfromLatin
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OverseasEnglish海外英语word\"Similis\meaning\"like\".Inrhetoric,simileisafigureof
speechbywhichtwoconceptsortwodissimilarthingsareimagina⁃tivelyanddescriptivelycomparedbecausetheyhaveatleastonequalityincommonorinresemblance.Itschieffunctionistodrawsharppicturesinthemindthroughcomparison,togivedeeperin⁃sightintothings,personsandideasthroughsuggestiveassociation,ortoexplainabstractterms.Forexample,\"Thecoachexhortedhisplayerslikeanevangelist.\"(那个教练劝诫他的队员们时就像福音传道者一样。)
Thesecondismetaphor.Theword\"metaphor\"derivesfromtheGreekword\"metaphora\whichmeans\"transference,carryingover\".ItisaverycommonfigureofspeechinEnglish.Metaphorus⁃eswordstoindicatesomethingdifferentfromtheirmeaning.GeorgeLayoffandMarkJohnsonclaiminMetaphorWeLiveBy\"Metaphorispervasiveineverydaylife,notjustinlanguagebutinthoughtandaction.\"Theypointoutthatmetaphoris\"ourordinaryconceptualsystem,intermsofwhichwethinkandact,isfundamentallymeta⁃phoricalinnature.\"Forexample,\"ItwillmeananotherEuropeandisappointmentfortheRedDevil.\"\"RedDevil\"referstoManches⁃terUnited,becauseManchesterUnitedisoftencalled\"RedDevil\"byfansandreporters.Inthissentence,reportersuse\"RedDevil\"torefertoManchesterUnited,whichvividlyembodiesthepowerofManchesterUnited.Evidently,metaphorisoftenusedtoaddforce⁃fulness.Therefore,metaphoroftenbecomesourlastresourceincon⁃veyingourthought.
Thethirdishyperbole.Hyperbolemeans\"athrowingbeyond,orexcess\".AsGeoffreyN.LeechdefinesinhisPrincipleofPrag⁃matics,\"Hyperbolereferstoacasewherethespeaker'sdescriptionisstrongerthaniswarrantedbythestateofaffairsdescribed\"(Geof⁃freyN.Leech,1983:36).Hyperboleaimstodescribesomethingandmakeitmorethanitreallyis.ThefunctionofusinghyperboleinEnglishsportsnewsistointensifyemotion,toelevateapersonorthingtoheroicormythicalstatus,ortomakefunatortoridicule.2.3ThefunctionsofEnglishsportsnews
Englishsportsnewshasthefollowingfivefunctions:informa⁃tivefunction,expressivefunction,aestheticfunction,vocativefunc⁃tionandentertainingfunction.2.3.1Informativefunction
AccordingtoNewmark,theinformativefunctionoflanguageisfeaturedwiththeexternalsituationasitscore.Bysayingexternalsituation,Newmarkmeansthefactsofatopic,realityoutsidelan⁃guage,includingreportedideasortheories(Newmark,2001:40).
TheinformativefunctionofEnglishsportsnewsisshowninitsroletohelpreaderstoknowthefactsandrelevantinformationofsports.Thisinformationmayinclude:newsgenre,eventsreferredtointhenewsandthemainplotofthenews.Thustheaudienceandreaderscansharehappinessofsportsanytimeandanywhere.2.3.2Expressivefunction
Thecoreofexpressivefunctionisthemindofthereaderandthewriter,theiroriginatoroftheutterance.Thelanguagewithex⁃pressivefunctionisnormallyself-expressive,creative,figurativeandsubjective.TheexpressivefunctionofEnglishsportsnewsistosetthetoneofthenews,thuscreatingeitheratouching,horrifyingorexcitingeffectonthereaders.2.3.3Aestheticfunction
Aestheticfunctionisthefunctiondesignedtopleasethesens⁃es,firstlythroughitsactualorimaginedsoundandsecondly
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Whenthecontentisthesameandthewordingandphrasingarequitedifferentbetweentheoriginalandthetargetlanguage,thefreetranslationhastobeadopted.Inusingfreetranslationweneednotpayattentiontotheformoftheoriginal,includingconstructionoftheoriginalsentences,meaningandmetaphoroftheoriginalandsoon.Itmustbenotedthatfreetranslationdoesnotmeantodeleteoraddcontenttotheoriginalandtranslatorsmustconsidertheorigi⁃nalcarefully,andexpressthemeaningoftheoriginalfaithfully.Forinstance,\"Aperilousfour-monthstandoffbetweenNBAplayersandownershasbeenreducedtoafour-daywindow,withanultima⁃tumthatmightdestroythe2011-12season.\"(TheNewYorkTimes,Nov.6,2011)(一个危险的四个月的NBA球员和球队老板之间的对峙现在已经减少成为四天，球队老板方面已经下了最后通牒，球员不接受协议的话，2011至2012赛季便泡汤了。)Ifthetranslatorappliesword-for-wordtranslationinthisrendition,theversionwouldbe一个危险的四个月的在NBA所有者和球员间存在的对峙变成了四天的窗户，附加一个最后通牒说可能会摧毁2011至2012赛季，whichisratherawkwardandunintelligi⁃ble,thusbreakingtheintra-textualcoherence(i.e.coherencerule).Anotherexample,\"PlayinginmistyweatherthatresembledasceneoutofWutheringHeightstheplayerslooklikelistless.\"(在沉闷压抑的迷雾天气中练习,球员们看上去都无精打采的。)Ifthetranslatorappliesliteraltranslationinthisrendition,theversionwouldbe在看似呼啸山庄场景的迷雾天气中练习,球员们看上去都无精打采的.AlthoughsomeChinesereadermaybefamiliarwiththenovelWutheringHeights,someothersmaynot.Therefore,itisdifficultforthemtounderstandtheconnotationofthesentence.Inotherword,themethodofliteraltranslationwillbringaboutaversionwhichisveryunintelligible,thusbreakingtheintra-textualcoherence(i.e.coherencerule);whilethemethodofliberaltransla⁃tionwillbringaboutaversionwhichisbothfaithfulandunderstand⁃able,thussuccessfullyachievinginter-textualcoherence(i.e.fideli⁃tyrule)andintra-textualcoherence(i.e.coherencerule),whichcon⁃tributetothefulfillmentoftheskoposofthetranslation.3.3Transliterationplusmeaningimplication
Ontheonehand,becauseofthedifferentculturalbackgroundbetweenwesterncountriesandChina,inEnglishsportsreports,therearemanywordsandexpressionscarryingrichconnotationsre⁃latedtohistory,religionandculture.Itisduetotheculturaldiffer⁃encesthathinderthetranslatorsfromaccuratelymakingtransfersbetweentwolanguages;itisalsoduetotheculturaldifferencesthatmakeitdifficultforthereaderofthetargettexttounderstandthere⁃alintentionoftheoriginalauthor.Inthissituation,wemayaswellapplytransliterationplusmeaningimplication.Ontheotherhand,Whenatranslatormastersageneralknowledgeofsports,hecanhaveabetterunderstandingoftheoriginaltext.Asaresult,itisim⁃portantfortranslatorstoaccumulatesomegeneralknowledgeaboutsports.
Tosumup,Englishsportnewsisakindofnewsreports,andthereisnodoubtthatEnglishsportswilldrawmoreandmoreatten⁃tionfrompeopleandplayanimportantpartinpeople'sdailylife.TranslationofEnglishsportsnewsisanindispensableformofprag⁃matictranslation,itplaysanimportantroleinthestudyoftransla⁃tion,sportsoperationandculturalcommunication.ThankstotheSkopostheory,anewvisiontotranslateEnglishsportsnewsisfounded,helpingpeopletobetterunderstandit.Languageisdynam⁃ic;thereareevenchangeseverymoment.Itisachallengefor
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throughitsmetaphors.Therhythm,balanceandcontrastsofsen⁃
tences,clausesandwordsalsoplaytheirpart.Theirsound-effectsconsistofonomatopoeia,alliteration,assonance,rhyme,meter,into⁃nation,andstress(Newmark,2001:42).
Englishsportsnewsfulfillsaestheticfunctioninthewaytopro⁃videthereaderandaudienceaestheticenjoymentthroughcolorfulwordscontainingrichconnotationsandbeautythroughtheapplica⁃tionofcertainrhetoricaldevices.2.3.4Vocativefunction
\"Thecoreofthevocativefunctionoflanguageisthereader⁃ship,theaddressee''(Newmark,2001:41).Newmarkusestheterm\"vocative\"inthesenseof\"callinguponthereadershiptoact,thinkorfeel,infacttoreactinthewayintendedbythetext\"(Ibid.:41).Takingthisexplanationforreference,wecanconcludethatapieceofgoodEnglishsportsnewscanalsocalluponthereaderandaudi⁃encetofocusonthesportsaffair.2.3.5Entertainingfunction
Englishsportsnewsusuallyusescreativelanguage,flexiblesentencepatternsandvariousrhetoricaldevicestomakereportsviv⁃idandentertaining.Sometimes,reportersusemanyofthesametechniquesusedbyliterarywriterssuchasnovelists,likehyperboleormetaphorsoastopresentavividpicturetoreadersoraudiencesinanefforttoentertainthem.Itenrichessportscultureandsatisfiestheneedsofaudience.
3TranslationofEnglishSportsNews:
SkoposPerspective
WiththeneedofEnglishsportsnewsincreasing,aproperstrat⁃egyoftranslatingEnglishsportsnewsintoChineseisofurgentneednow.Justasweallknow,themainaimofthetranslatoristopro⁃duceasnearlyaspossiblethesameeffectonhisreadersaswaspro⁃ducedonthereadersoftheoriginal.ThetranslatorshouldconsiderthedifferencesofwordsandgrammarbetweenEnglishandChinesenews,andusevarioustranslationmethodstokeeptheoriginalmeaningofEnglishnewssoastofulfillthefunctionoftheoriginal.AtthesametimethehabitualexpressionofChineseshouldbecon⁃sidered.
3.1Literaltranslation
Literaltranslation,alsoknownasdirecttranslationineverydayusage,meanstherenderingoftextfromonelanguagetoanotherwiththecontentandformoftheoriginalretained.Itisusedwhenthecontentandtheformareverycloseinthetwolanguages.WhentherearenoculturaldifferencesorhabitualexpressiondifferencesbetweenChinesenewsandEnglishnews,literaltranslationisasuit⁃ablemethodforE-Cnewstranslation.Forexample,\"EachOlympicisaperiodoffouryears.\"(ChinaDaily,Aug.9,2004).(每届奥运会之间相隔四年。)Thenewsisasimplesentence,translatorsimplyrenderstheEnglishsentenceintoChinesewordforwordwhichisacceptable.Soheretheuseofliteraltranslationisreasonable.An⁃otherexample,\"N.B.A.OwnersGivePlayers4DaystoAcceptFi⁃nalOffer\"(NBA老板们给球员们4天的时间来接受最后提供的工资协议。),thisisatitleofapieceofnews,andliteraltransla⁃tionisadoptedtorepresenttheoriginalmeaning,whichisfaithful,smoothandunderstandabletothetargetreaders.Wecansaythatitisthroughliteraltranslationthattheskoposoftheoriginaliswellfulfilled.
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过程中，自然会出现各种偏颇，甚至必然存在着某种失准现象。要同时把握两个彼此相异、复杂的文化内涵是很不容易的，这也是一个历史的过程。文化的交流需要开放的心态，笔者认为面对文化差异，首先要敢于尝试、提出自己的观点供人评判。比如龙与dragon，两者都是现实生活中不存在的虚拟形象，在对方语境下本就处于缺失状态。龙与dragon两者关联虽牵强，并存在诸多争议，但这种敢为天下先的尝试仍值得鼓励。3.2向规范看齐
对外交往中的很多错译、漏译、语意偏颇完全可以避免，很多前人研究成果已被普通接受，成为规范，可以站在巨人肩上看的更远。比如中央宣传部，规范译法是thePublicityDepart⁃mentoftheCPCCentralCommittee；再如一些专有政治词汇，“三个代表”译为the“ThreeRepresents”，“一国两制”译为“OneCountry，TwoSystems”等。3.3深入了解源语、目的语文化内涵
把握翻译的文化涵义，就是从最高的层次上把握翻译实践的性质。在跨文化的语言实践中，译者应根据自身的文化需要，综合运用直译、意译、增译、不译等手段，实现跨语言交际的等效互通。套用一句广告词，没有最好，只有更好。译者应该加强学习，开阔视野，在忠实原文的基础上努力找寻中西文化的交汇点，“吟安一个字，捻断数根须”,以达到形神兼备的境界，这才是克服文化差异的根本。
意味着春天和温暖，它吹绿神州大地，让万物复苏。东风在英国的命运却截然不同，英国是岛国，东风从欧洲大陆吹来，寒冷而阴郁。西谚有云，Whenthewindisintheeast,it'sgoodfornei⁃thermannorbeast.（东风到，寒风吹，人畜皆郁闷）。相较而言，英国人更喜欢西风，英伦三岛的春天就是西风送来的，英国诗人雪莱《西风颂》的最后一句也是家喻户晓，O,Wind,ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?（啊，西风，假如冬天已来临，春天还会远吗？）
熟悉文化差异，就可以少走弯路，中国著名的东风汽车集团，在1978年产品出口时，就担心欧洲地区因受众文化背景不同，错误理解东风的内涵，遂决定使用Aeolus（风神）作为东风的英文名称。
2.4社会观念及习惯的差异
在中国人看来，“宣传”是一个很正面的，或起码是中性的词。现代化建设成果需要宣传，商品打开销路需要宣传、扩大知名度。然而汉英词典上最常见的英文对应词是propaganda，如不假思索直接采用，则又掉进了一个文化差异的陷阱。朗文当代英文词典中对propaganda的解释是informationwhichisfalseorwhichemphasizesjustonepartofasituation,usedbyagov⁃ernmentorpoliticalgrouptomakepeopleagreewiththem。词典所举例子竟是Nazi/Communistetcpropaganda。显然，propaganda一词有太多贬义，与我们的“宣传”南辕北辙。
在《红楼梦》早期英文版中，黛玉被翻译成BlackJade，“黑色的玉”。纯粹从中文字面意义讲，勉强过得去。但问题出在英文本身。Jade引申义有两个，一个是loosewoman，有“放荡的女人”之意；另一个是horse（马）。BlackJade的引申义就成了aloosewomanofdarkskin，或blackhorse。西方读者看到这个BlackJade，产生的联想与《红楼梦》里的黛玉，差得实在太远！
参考文献：
[1]孙致礼.翻译的异化与归化[J].山东外语教学,2001(1).[2]杜争鸣.翻译策略与文化[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2008.[3]黄成洲.汉英翻译技巧[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,2009.[4]LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish[M].London:Pear⁃sonEducationLimited,2009.[5]刘宓庆.新编当代翻译理论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.3如何在翻译中克服文化差异
3.1以开放包容的胸怀积极应对
东方与西方山高路远，文化背景迥然不同，在跨文化交流
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translatorstofulfillnewrequirementsandactualizeallanticipativefunctionsofEnglishsportsnews.Theauthordoeshopethatthepa⁃permayserveasausefulreferenceforfurtherstudiesofthetransla⁃tionofsportsnews.
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[1]Nord,Christiane.TranslatingasaPurposefulActivity:Functional⁃istApproachExplained[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001.[2]冯健.中国新闻实用大辞典[Z].北京:新华出版社,1996.[3]葛瑞峰.探析目的论视野下的英语体育新闻汉译[J].淮南师范学院学报,2011(2):45-48.[4]李飒.英语体育新闻语言特点分析[J].大众科技,2008(11):230,213.[5]刘江伟.基于目的论的体育新闻汉译研究[J].湖北广播电视大学学报,2009(2):106-107.[6]马骏婷.体育新闻及体育新闻英语汉译[D].上海:上海外国语大学硕士学位论文,2007.[7]徐泰力.探究英语体育新闻中的语言特色[J].北京城市学院学报,2007(4):102-103.158
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