第二部分 语法结构
从以下几个方面强化语法知识： 第一节 谓语动词 第二节 非谓语动词 第三节 各种从句 第四节 强调句型 第五节 倒装结构 第六节 反意疑问句
每节结束后我们会配以一定数量的练习，帮助读者更好地掌握该部分内容。
一．谓语动词
时态，语态，语气，情态动词，以及主谓一致
1.1．动词的时态
动词的时态指的是作谓语的动词用来表示动作或状态发生时间的各种形式。共有16中英语的动词时态。 现 在 1. 一般现在时 2. 现在进行时 3. 现在完成时 4. 现在完成进行时 过 去 5. 一般过去时 6. 过去进行时 7. 过去完成时 过去完成进行时 将 来 8. 一般将来时 将来进行时 9. 将来完成时 将来完成进行时 一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时 备注：编有号码的时态为重点。 （一）、一般现在式
1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always，usually，often，sometimes，every day, every week的等时间状语连用。
例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。
2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。 例：The earth is round.地球是圆的。
3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。 例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。
4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，until，if。我们在此引用三道真题。
例（1）\"When are you going to visit your uncle in Chicago?\" \"As soon as ______ our work for tomorrow.\" A. we're complete B. we'd complete C. we'll complete D. we complete
例（2）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams. A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing 例（3）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heated (二) 、现在进行时
1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。
例：The teacher is talking with his students. 老师正在与学生们谈话。 2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作。
例：I am attending a conference in New York. 我正在纽约参加一个会议。 (三)、现在完成时
1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。
例（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了）
例（2）I have lost my pen.我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）
2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for引导的短语连用）。
例（1）He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.
A. gone into B. joined in C. been in D. come into （【答案】C）（1995年49题）
他入伍十年，现为军官。（现在还在军中。）
例（2）They’ve known each other since childhood. 他们从小认识。（现在还继续来往） 3、非延续性动词和it is +时间+since….（过去时）
英语中有些动词不能延续，因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用(如for ten years)。下题是非常典型的例子。
例（1）It is ten years since he left home and joined the army.他入伍离乡已十年。 对非延续性动词，表达完成事态时常用it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。 4、have（has）been to和have（has）gone to的区别
have（has ）been to：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever连用。
have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。
（1）He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。（现在不在此地） （2）He has been to America twice. 他（曾经）去过美国两次。
D. has heated
(四)、现在完成进行时
表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束，但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。
例（1）：I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.
A. was knocking B. am knocking （【答案】D）（1998年49题）
C. knocking
D. have been knocking
now一词表示敲门动作持续进行一直到现在。
例（2）Since he left the university, he _____ in an accounting company. A. has been working B. had worked C. had been working D. was working （【答案】A）（2006年4月16题） 表示自大学毕业起一直在会计公司工作。
(五)、一般过去时：（本书后面附有不规则动词变化表，请同学们熟练掌握之） 1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和具体的过去时间状语连用，如just now, last year, when I was 18 years old等。
例：You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week.
A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed （【答案】A）（1995年59题）
2、used to do sth：过去常常做…
例：I used to take a walk in the morning.
我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。） (六)、过去进行时
1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。
例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。 2、when 和while 的用法区别
when表示一个特定时间点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。
例（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis.
A. was playing B. am playing C. play （【答案】A）（1998年43题）
D. played
例（2）When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more. A. talk B. talked C. will talk （答案为B）（1999年35题）
D. talking
例（3）One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry. A. has slept
B. were sleeping C. slept D. was sleeping
（答案为D）（1996年23题）
3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。
例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning. 他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。
(七)、过去完成时
1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
例（1）When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week, I was told she ______ two days before.
A. has left B. was leaving C. would leave （【答案】D）（2003年11月40题）
D. had left
例（2）About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper.
A. invented C. have invented （【答案】B）（1997年35题）
B. had invented
D. had been invented
2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。 例：The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on C. has been on （【答案】A）（1995年24题）
B. was on D. would be on
3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。
例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。 4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…，一…就…。句型之中，句子倒装。
例（1）No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go.
A. than B. when （答案为A）（1997年50题）
C. as
D. while
例（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out. 他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。 (八)、一般将来时
1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。 例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。
2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。 例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个讲座吗？
3、be to +动词原形：表示安排或计划好了的动作。
例：The Five-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 五环路将在国庆节前通车。
4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。 例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。
5、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive, leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。
（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。
（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Shanghai tonight. 外宾今晚到达上海。
1.2.1 被动语态
考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。另外，本书后面还附有常见不规则动词变化表，请同学们下功夫掌握熟练。
一、感官动词及使役动词（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。
例（1）Because of many mistakes, she was made ______ these letters again. A. type B. to typing C. typed D. to type （【答案】D）（2006年11月22题）
例（2）The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder. A. came B. come （【答案】C）（2000年58题）
C. to come D. have come
二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。
例（1）The children are well looked after.这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。 例（2）The doctor has been sent for.已经派人去请大夫了。 三、情态动词的被动语态
构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。
例（1）I can't find the recorder in the room. It ______ by somebody.
A. must have taken B. may have taken C. may have been taken D. should have been taken （【答案】C）（2003年11月22题）
此题考察的知识点比较综合。首先是被动语态，录音机被人拿走了。另外还考察了情态动词加完成式表示对过去事件的推测。
我们再来看两个较为简单的例子。
例（2）The work must be finished before lunch.这项工作必须在午饭前干完。 例（3）Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。
四、用主动表示被动的含义
1．need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物） 例（1）It is hot and dry; the flowers need ______.
A. being watered B. be watered C. to water D. to be watered （【答案】D）（2006年11月23题） 例（2）：My room is a mess. It needs _____. A. to be tidying up B. tidying up （【答案】B）（2000年47题）
C. to tidy up
D. tidied up
2．sell, wash, read, write, run 等动词带状语修饰时。 例：This kind of clothes sells well. 这种衣服卖得很好。 The pen writes smoothly. 这只笔书写顺利。 3．主语 +sound(feel, look, smell, taste)+ 形容词 例：The dish_____ terrible! I don’t like it at all. A. taste B. tasted C will taste D is tasted （【答案】C）（2005年11月19题）
1.2.2 情态动词
情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法，尤其是与虚拟语气结合起来考察考生的掌握情况(参考下一节内容)。另外情态动词表推测也成为近年考察重点，须引起重视。
一、must +完成时
表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。
例（1）Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it ______ last night. A. must rain B. was raining C. must have rained D. may rain （【答案】C）（2004年11月35题）
例（2）I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. A. would have had C. should have had （答案为D）（2001年58题）
B. could have had D. must have had
例（3）Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now. A. must have received B. must have failed to receive
C. must receive D. must fail to receive （【答案】B）（1998年44题）
补充：其他情态动词表推测的情况
can’t/ couldn’t +现在时表示对现在情况的否定推测，跟完成时则表示对过去情况的否定推测。
例She _____ be ill because I saw her playing tennis just now.
A. can’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. may not （【答案】A）（2005年11月20题） 二、should（ought to）+完成时
表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。
例（1）With all this work on hand, she ______ to the dance party last night.
A. oughtn’t to go B. hadn’t gone C. shouldn’t have gone D. mustn’t have gone （【答案】C）（2006年11月30题）
例（2）You ought ______ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday. A. to report B. to have reported C. to reporting D. have reported （【答案】B）（2003年11月36题）
例（3）I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier. A. had a telephone C. should have phoned （【答案】C）（2000年26题） 三、could/might +完成时
表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。 1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time. 他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有及时收到我们的请贴。 2、He might have given you more help ,but he was busy then. 他本来可以给你更多的帮助的，但他那时很忙。
例He abandoned a career that____to his becoming one of the most influential people in the world.
A. could have led B. would lead C. should have led D. must lead （【答案】A）（2005年11月33题）
B. have phoned
D. should be phoned
1.2配套练习
1. You _____ read that article if you don’t want to. A. haven’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
2. The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder. A. came B. come C. to come D. have come 3. “That car must have cost a lot of money.” “Oh, no, ____.” A. it mustn’t
B. it hasn’t C. it doesn’t
D. it didn’t
4. I _____ asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night. A. might fall B. must fall C. must have fallen D. can have fallen 5. I’m feeling sick. I _____ so much chocolate.
A. needn’t have eaten C. mustn’t have eaten B. couldn’t have eaten D. shouldn’t have eaten
6. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen_____comfortably. A. is worn B. wearing C. wears D. are worn
7. Mr.Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now. A. must have received B. must have failed to receive C. must receive D. must fail to receive 8. You could have done much better yesterday. Why _____?
A. didn’t you B. couldn’t you C. hadn’t you D. shouldn’t you 9. They have done things they ought _____. A. not to do B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done
10. Something must have happened on their way. Or they _____ by now. A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. would have arrived D. would arrive 11. “I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.” “It _____ true because there was little snow there.” A. may not be B. won’t be
C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
12. “Shall we go skating or stay at home?” “Which _____ do yourself?” A. do you rather C. will you rather
B. would you rather D. should you rather
13. This out-of-date teaching method_____.
A. must do away with B. must have done away with C. must being done away with D. must be done away with 14. Someone is coming here. Who _____ it be? A. will B. shall C. must D. can 15. ——May I stop here? ——No , you _____. A. mustn’t B. might not
C. needn’t D. won’t
16. A fire _______during the night and a large number of houses_______to ashes. A. broke out, were burnt B. was broke out, were burnt C. broke out, burnt D. set out, were burned
答案与解析
1. 本句意思为：如果你不想，你---读那篇文章。A表示“没有读”，B表示“不能读”，C表示“一定不能读”，显然都不符合句意。选D，意为“不必读”。
2. see sb. do sth.主动语态不带to，变成被动语态一定要加to，选C。
3. must have done表示过去的事情的肯定推测。本句意思为：“那辆车肯定花了不少钱”，应该用过去时。It didn’t cost a lot of money，省略相同的部分应该为it didn’t。选D。 4. 从for引导的原因状语从句判断，“我一点都记不得那天晚上发生的事了”前面的主句应该是“我肯定是在角落里睡着了”。对过去发生动作的肯定推测，用must have done，选C。
5. 本句意思为：“我感到恶心”。“我不该吃这么多的巧克力”。表示不该做某事但却做了，应该用shouldn’t have done。选D。
6. 选C。此处的wear 与write, sell 等词一样，表示―…起来怎么样‖时，用主动形式表示被动，此句意思是：这种由熟练技工生产的眼镜戴起来很舒服。
7. 本句意思为：格林先生_____我的信，否则他应该已经回信了。据此可以判断，格林先生没有收到我的信，排除A，C。这里是对过去没有收到信进行推测，应该用must have done所以选B。fail to do表示“做某事不成功”。
8. could have done表示本来能够，但却没有做到。本句意思为：你昨天本来能做的更好。为什么没有做到呢？如果用完整的句子是：Why didn’t you do much better yesterday？省略形式为Why didn’t you？选A。
9. 本句意思为：他们做了不应该做的事。表示不该做而做了，应该用shouldn’t have done或ought not to have done，选C。
10. 本句意思为：他们在路上肯定出什么事了。否则他们现在应该到了。表示应该发生而没有发生，用should have done 选A。
11. 根据句意，这是对“过去不可能去滑雪”的推测，应该用couldn’t，表示否定推测“不可能”。选C。
12. would rather do 表示“宁愿”，疑问句中would可以提到主语前面，选B。 13. do away with 为固定短语，意思是“消除，废除”。题意是说“这种过时的教学方法必须被废除”，此题考察情态动词和含介词的短语变被动语态时的用法，应选D。 14. 本句意思为：有人朝这边走来了。可能是谁呢？表示推测，又是在疑问句中，用can,选D。注意：must表推测用在肯定句中，表示―一定…‖ 。
15. may开头的疑问句，否定回答常用mustn’t，表示“一定不行”，语气很强，选A。 16. 答案A。Break out 不能用被动语态，因此B不对，房子被烧成灰烬是被动语态，并且前后时态要一致，这里都是过去时。
1.3虚拟语气
虚拟语气是英语三级考试的必考知识点之一，也是体现英汉语言习惯区别的一个语法现象。在汉语里表示假设虚拟的情况常用一些虚词来表示，例如“假设”、“如果”等等；而英文中表示虚拟的情况不但有虚词的提示，谓语动词也要相应的变化。
虚拟语气的基本作用是：
1. 表达假设的情况，与事实相反； 2. 表达异想天开很难实现的愿望； 3. 表达建议、命令、劝告等语气。
本节重在讲解if引导的虚拟条件句， 含蓄条件句，特殊结构中的虚拟语气，以及should+动词原形的用法。
一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法
虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类： 假设类型 与现在事实相反 条件从句谓语动词形式 If+动词的过去式 （be用were而不用was） If+had+-ed分词 If+were to+动词原形或 If+should+动词原形 主句谓语动词形式 would（第一人称可用should+动词原形） would（第一人称可用should）+have+-ed分词 would（第一人称可用should+动词原形） 与过去事实相反 与将来事实可能相反 下面我们列举近年的真题来强化记忆。
例（1）Mary said to me, \"Had I seen your bag, I _____ it to you.\" A. will return B. must return C. could return （【答案】D）（2004年4月45题）
D. would have returned
例（2）I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him. A. had known B. have known （【答案】C）（1995年38题）
C. knew
D. know
例（3）If Bob____ with us; he would have had a good time. A. would come C. had come （【答案】C）（1995年59题） 二、省略if的虚拟形式
在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were，had，should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。
例（1）__________ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.
A. If he took B. If he should take C. Were he to take D. Had he taken （【答案】D）（2004年4月34题）
例（2）__________, I should ask them some questions. A. Should they come to us C. Were they come to us （【答案】A）（1997年30题）
B. If they come to us D. Had they come to us
B. would have come D. came
例（3）__________ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.
A. If I realized C. Did I have realized that （【答案】B）（1996年39题） 三、含蓄条件句
B. Had I realized D. As I realized
有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。
例（1）Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth ______ well.
A. would not grow B. will not grow C. had not grown D. would not be grown （【答案】A）（2004年11月32题）
例（2）But for my classmates' help, I _____ the work in time. A. did not finish C. will not finish （【答案】D）（2004年4月36题）
B. could not finish
D. would not have finished
例（3）But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday.
A. should have B. would have had C. would have D. will have had （【答案】B）（2003年4月28题） 四、特殊词或结构中的虚拟语气：
⑴以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句
wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish ＋从句（主语＋过去时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）；
例（1）I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.
A. were B. would be （【答案】C）（2001年53题）
C. had been
D. will be
例（2）Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college. A. could study B. studied （【答案】C）（2000年53题）
C. had studied D. would study
⑵if only +句子（过去时/过去完成时）“要是„就好了”
If only 后面的句子如果是对现在或将来情况的虚拟，用过去时did ；如果是对过去情况的虚拟，用过去完成时had done .
例如：
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。（对过去虚拟） If only I were rich. 要是我富有就好了。（对现在虚拟）
⑶would rather＋句子（过去时）
表示宁愿、宁可的意愿，语气比较婉转。后接过去式。
例（1）I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner. A. come C. came （【答案】C）（2002年46题）
B. would come D. have come
例（2）I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind. A. rather B. better C. happier （【答案】A）（1998年45题）
D. further
⑷it is time（that），it is high time (that)„句型中，谓语动词用过去时，表示早该做而未做的事，意思是该„„了、早该„„了.
例（1）Let's finish our homework in a few seconds; it's time we __________. A. played football B. will play football C. play football D. are playing football （【答案】A）（2004年11月43题）
例（2）Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up （【答案】B）（1999年31题）
例（3）It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accidents. A. do B. will do （【答案】C）（1996年43题） ⑸以as if，as though引导的从句
在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish后面的从句动词形式变化相同。
例（1）He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.
A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have known （【答案】B。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。）
例（2）You are talking as if you had seen them.你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作）
五、should+动词原形及should的省略 ⑴．一些表示建议、要求、命令等的动词本身隐含说话者主观的意见。因此这些动词（或其变形，如名词，形容词，分词等）后面的从句应使用虚拟语气，即“should do”结构，其中的“should”常被省略。如：
表“提议、建议”的动词：suggest ,advise, propose, recommend, move(提议); 表“要求、主张”的动词：insist, require, request, demand , desire ; 表“命令”的动词：order, command.
例（1）I don’t think it advisable that Tom _____ to the job since he has no experience.
A. be assigned B. is assigned C. will be assigned D. has been assigned （【答案】A）（2006年11月29题）
例（2）His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A. put on
C. did D. must do
B. puts on C. to put D. putting on
（【答案】A）（1999年58题） 此处省略了should.
例（3）The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.
A. had C. have （【答案】C）（1998年28题） 此处省略了should.
B. would have D. was going to have
例（4）It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will come （【答案】C）（1997年29题）
C. come
D. may come
⑵、It is necessary/important/essential/ vital/urgent / surprising/ amazing that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should也可以省略。此类形容词的特点是表示重要性或吃惊。
例（1）it is vital that enough money_____collected to get the project started. A. is B. be C must be D can be （【答案】B）（2004年11月24题）
例（2）It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made. A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged D. would be arranged （【答案】C）（2003年4月45题）
1.2配套练习
1. You didn’t let me drive. If we _______ in turn, you_______ so tired. A. drove; didn’t B. drove; wouldn’t get
C. were driving; wouldn’t get D. had driven; wouldn’t have got 2. He suggests we ______ to the cinema at once, otherwise we will be late. A. must go B. go C. will go D. would go 3. The general ordered that the thief_______. A. be punished B. would punish C. would be punished D. should punish 4. If only I _______ how to operate a computer as you do!
A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew
5. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ________. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 6. The chairman requested that_______
A. the members studied the problem more carefully B. the problems were more carefully studied
C. the problems could be studied with more care D. the members study the problem more carefully
7. If I _______ you , I ______ more attention to English idioms and phrases. A. was; shall pay B. am; will pay C. would be; would pay D. were; would pay 8. We cannot imagine what our world ________ like without electric power. A. is B. will be C. would be D. were
9. There was a half smile on his face which suggested that he _______ happy to have given his life for his country.
A. was B. should be C. would be D. were
10. We all agreed to her suggestion that we _______ to the Great Wall for sightseeing. A. will go B. go C. shall go D. should have gone 11. The young man insisted that he ________ nothing wrong and ______ free. A. did; set B. had done; should be set C. do; be set D. had done; must be set 12. I lost your address, otherwise I ______ you long before. A. had visited B. have visited C. would have visited D. should visit 13._______the rain we would have had a nice holiday. A. But that B. But for C. Despite
D. In spite of
14_______no gravity, there would be no air around the earth. A. Were there B. There were C. Was there D. There be 15. It’s getting rather late. It’s time we______. A. are going B. went C. go
D. must go
16. They keep telling us that it is vital that we _______there on time. A. are B. be C. must be D. would be
答案与解析
1. 本句是对过去情况的虚拟。意为：如果我们轮流开车的话，你就不会那么累了。对过去虚拟，if条件句用过去完成式，had driven，主句用wouldn’t have got。选D
2. suggest，order，demand，insist等表示建议，命令，要求，坚持的词后加宾语从句，要用虚拟语气，动词形式为（should）do。选B。
3. order表示命令，后加宾语从句，要用虚拟语气，动词形式为（should）do。这里贼是“被惩罚”，要用被动式，（should）be punished。选A
4. If only引导的句子，与wish用法一样，对现在的情况表示虚拟，用过去时。选D。全句意为“要是我象你一样懂得怎样操作计算机就好了。”
5. as if引导状语从句，用一般过去时表示对现在情况的虚拟。选C。全句意为：当把铅笔放到一杯水中时，它看上去好像断了。broken过去分词做状语，表示“断的状态。” 6. suggest, request，order，demand，insist等表示建议，命令，要求，坚持的词后加宾语从句，要用虚拟语气，动词形式为（should）do。选D。
7. 对现在情况虚拟的句子，条件句用一般过去时，be动词要用were，主句用would+动词原形。选D
8. 本题考查含蓄虚拟结构。Without短语相当于一个条件句if our world had no electric power。对现在或将来情况的虚拟，主句用“would+动词原形”。选C。
9. suggest在做“表明，暗示”解释时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气。选A。全句意为“他脸上微微的笑容表明他很高兴将自己的生命献给了国家。”
10. 表示“建议”“要求”“命令”等名词后面的主语从句，表语从句及同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式为（should）do。题中that we„作suggestion的同位语从句。本句中“我们”还“没有去”，不能用完成式，排除D。选B。
11. insist表示“坚持认为”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气。本句中第一个空正式这种情况。而第二个空表示“坚持要做某事”，则应该用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式为（should）do。选B。
12. 本句意为：我丢了你的地址，否则我很久前就去拜访你了。对过去情况的虚拟，用would have done。选C.
13. but that：若非；but for：要不是；despite：尽管；in spite of：不顾，不管。B合题意,but for后要加虚拟语气。句子意思：要不是下雨我们本该会好好享受假期的。
14. A.这里省略了if，用法如下：If there were no gravity, there would be no air around the earth. 变化成：Were there no gravity, there would be no air around the earth. 假设句中用were而不用was。
15. B. 在it is (high) time that…句型中，后面从句要用虚拟语气，用过去式表示。 16. 答案B。it is vital that sb (should) do, vital后用虚拟语气。
1.4主谓一致
一、名词physics （物理），maths（数学），news（新闻），means（方法）等一般被
认为是形式是复数，意思是单数的名词，它们做主语的时候动词一般用单数形式。
（【答案】C，应改为is）（2000年63题）
例（2）Every means has been tried. 每一种方式都试过了。 二、动名词、不定式、从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例When and where the new hospital will be built _____ a mystery. A. to remain B. remains C. remain （【答案】B）（2000年57题）
D. is remaining
三、当主语是a number+of+复数名词时，谓语动词用复数；当主语是the number+of+可数名词时，谓语动词用单数
（【答案】A，应改为the）〔1998年66题〕 例（2）A number of cars _____ in front of my house. A. was parked （【答案】D）
B. were parking
C. is parking
D. are parked
四、当主语由as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致。
当句中的主语后接as well as，along with，together with，including，accompanied by等短语+名词（代词）时，主语与谓语的一致关系不受影响，主语是单数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式时，谓语动词用复数。
例（1）Mr. Smith, together with his wife and children, ______ going to the party this weekend.
A. am B. is （【答案】B (2004年11月28题)
C. are
D. will
例（2）John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party. 约翰和二十个朋友正在计划举办一个派对。
例（3）No one but Jane and Tom was there then. 那时除了珍妮和汤姆之外，没有人在那儿。
五、当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。当主语是each…and…，every…and every…，many a…and…结构时，谓语动词用单数。
例（1）Many a singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. 许多歌唱家和舞蹈家将参加我们的晚会。
例（2）In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 在我们国家每个人都有接受教育的权利。 六：就近原则
由or, not only… but also …, either… or, neither.. nor… 连接两个并列的主语时，谓语的数与最邻近的主语一致。例如：
例：Either you or I am right. 不是你对就是我对。
Not only Jane but also her family members were friendly to me . 不仅是简，她的家人对我也很友好。
1.4 配套练习
1. Each man and woman _____ the same rights. A. has B. have C. had
D. is having
2. _____ was wrong.
A. Not the teacher but the students B. Both the students and the teacher C. Neither the teacher not the students D. Not the students but the teacher 3. “_____ twenty dollars a big sum to her?” “I suppose so.” A. Will be
B. Is
C. Are
D. Were
4. All that you said _____ true. All _____ reading their textbooks when the teacher entered. A. was, were B. were, was C. was, was D. were, were 5. Many a student ______ the importance of learning a foreign language. A. have realized B. has realized C. have been realized D. has been realized 6. This glass works _____ near the city. A. is B. are C. were
D. be
7. The Philippines _____ to the south –east of China. A. lies B. lie C. lay D. lays 8. The president, accompanied by his assistants, _____ .
A. have arrived B. are arriving C. had arrived D. has arrived 9. A number of cars _____ in front of the park. A. is parked B. was parked C. are parked D. has parked 10. In that country, the rich _____ richer, the poor poorer. A. become B. has become C. becomes D. is becoming 11. What _____ the population of China? One third of population _____ workers here. A. is, are B. are, are C. is, is
D. are, is
12. It seemed to me that what she saw and heard _____ very interesting. A. was B. were C. is D. are 13. Not only he but also we _____ right. He, as well as, we _____ right. A. are, are B. are, is C. is,is D. is are 14. Large quantities of water _____ for irrigation. A. is needed B. has needed C. are needed D. need 15. The teacher and writer _____ her friend. A. are B. have C. is
D. were
16.His Selected Poems _____ first published in 1965. A. were B. was C. has been
D. is
答案与解析
1. and 连接的两个单数名词作主语，前面如果有each, every, no等词修饰时，谓语要用单数形式。选A。
2. 这里谓语动词是单数，可以先排除B，因为both…and…连接两个主语谓语动词用复数。Not…but…(不是…而是)连接两个主语时，谓语动词和与之邻近的主语保持一致，所以A不对，答案为D；C的搭配错误，应该是neither…nor…。
3. 时间，金钱，距离等数量词作主语，谓语动词应该用单数。选B。
4. all用来指事物，谓语动词通常用单数形式；all用来指人，谓语动词用复数形式。第一个all that you said(你所说的)指物，用was；第二个all(所有的人)指人，用were。选A。 5. “many a +名词单数”作主语，谓语动词用单数。“意识到”应该用主动语态，所以选B。
6. glass works是“玻璃厂”的意思，视为单数。选A。
7. The Philippines 虽然是复数形式，但却是一个国家的国名“菲律宾”，所以应该视为单数，从A和D里选。根据句意，“菲律宾位于中国的东南”，“位于”这个词应该是lie, 而不是lay (放置)，所以选A。
8. 这句话的主语为the president 为单数，accompanied by his assistants （在他的助手的伴随下）是一个修饰成分。选D。
9. A number of 表示“一些”，谓语动词用复数，所以应该C。 本句意为：公园前面停了一些汽车。Park 作为名词表示“公园”，作为动词表示“停车”。
10. “the +形容词”表示一类人，谓语动词 用复数，所以这里选A。
11. population仅表示人口数量时，谓语动词用单数。但要表达“多少人口是工人/农民”，则用复数，因为“工人/农民”可数。选A。
12. 这句话意为：在我看来，她看到和听到的东西非常有意思。What he saw and heard作that从句中的主语，名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数，所以从A和C中选。但主句中seemed是过去时，从句的时态和主句时态应保持一致，所以选A。
13. Not only„but also„连接两个主语时，谓语和与它邻近的主语保持一致，也就是和but also后的主语一致。As well as连接两个主语时，位于与前一个主语保持一致。选B。 14. Quantities 是复数形式，不管后面接的名词是单数还是复数，谓语动词都用复数。本句里“大量的水被需要”，要用被动语态，所以选C。
15. The teacher and writer 只有一个冠词，指一个人“老师兼作家”，谓语动词用单数。选C。
16. 以s结尾的书刊名，国名，组织名作主语时，谓语动词用单数。时间状语1965，所以谓语动词用过去时。选B。
二．非谓语动词
非谓语动词分三种，即：动名词，不定式和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。
2.1 动名词
语法功能：在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。本节将重点讲解动名词的基本用法，被动式，完成式，逻辑主语及与不定式的区别。
基本形式：
一般时
完成时 主动形式 doing having done 被动形式 being done having been done 一、动名词的基本用法： ⑴常在某些动词后面作宾语
例（1）I am considering __________ my job as I'm not getting on well with my boss. A. changing B. to change C. changed D. to be changed （【答案】A）（2004年4月31题）
例（2）John suggested _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. A. not to say B. saying not C. to say not D. not saying （【答案】D）（1995年53题）
suggest后接动名词做宾语，否定式要在动名词前加“not”。
⑵在某些固定结构中做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略。如have difficulty/trouble (in) doing…, spend/waste time (in）doing …; be busy+doing…; be worth+doing
例（1）Don’t risk _____ the job which so many people want.
A. losing B. to lose C. lost D. your life to lose （【答案】A）（1999年57题）
risk后接动名词做宾语，risk（in）doing sth.中的介词in常省略。 例（2）I don’t think it is any use _____ this matter any further.
A. discussing B. to discuss C. to discussing D. to be discussed
（【答案】A。it is no use (good, point）doing…做…没有用（好处），动名词做介词in的宾语，常省略。）
二、动名词的被动式
例（1）No one can avoid _____ by advertisements. A. influenced C. to influence （【答案】D）
B. influencing
D. being influenced
例（2）Susan was very unhappy for not _____ to the party. A. to be invited
B. having been invited
C. inviting （【答案】B）
D. to have been invited
三、动名词的完成时：表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。 例（1）I don’t remember _____. A. ever to be saying C. having ever said that （【答案】C）
B. to have ever said D. ever said that
例（2）I regret having done such a thing.我后悔做了这样的事。 四、动名词的逻辑主语
当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格。 例（1）Would you mind ______ the computer game in your room?
A. he play B. his playing C. him to play D. him play （【答案】B）（2004年11月29题） mind的后面要接动名词做宾语，动名词的逻辑主语用物主代词+动名词。本句的意思是：“我在你房间里玩电脑游戏你介意吗？”
例（2）He forgot about _____ him to attend my wife’s birthday party. A. I asking B. my asking （【答案】B）（1998年29题） 六、动名词与不定式的区别
⑴．有的动词后的to 既可以是不定式符号，又可以是介词，使用时要特别注意区别。 例（1）We look forward to ________ to the opening ceremony.
A. invite B. be invited C. having been invited D. being invited （【答案】D）（2003年11月37题）
look forward to短语中的to是介词，因此其后要接动名词做宾语，又根据题意，要用动名词的被动。本句的意思是：“我们都盼望着能被邀请参加开幕式。”
例（2）You don’t object _____ you by your first name, do you? A. for me to call B. me to call C. to my calling （【答案】C）（1996年21题）
object to中的to是介词，故接动名词做宾语。 ⑵．stop和go on后面接不定式和动名词的区别
动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情；不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。
例（1）The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____.
A. on rest
C. me to ask D. mine to ask
D. my calling
B. at rest C. resting D. to rest
（【答案】D）（1999年29题）
本句中“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。 例（2）Man will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy. A. search B. to search C. searching D. searched （【答案】C）
本句的意思是：\"人类不会停止对新能源的探索。\"
例（3）He began by showing us where the country was and went on _______ us about its climate.
A. telling B. to tell C. to telling D. to be told （【答案】B）（2006年11月24题）
⑶．remember ，forget，regret接不定式和动名词的区别 remember，forget ,regret + doing sth：表示动作发生在过去。 remember，forget ,regret +to do sth：表示动作尚未发生。 例（1）Don’t forget _____ the window before leaving the room. A. to have closed B. to close C. having closed D. closing （【答案】B）（2001年28题）
“to close”表示一个在“leaving”之后发生的将来的动作
例（2）I remember giving the letter to him. 我记得把信给他了。
“giving”表示一个在“remember”之前发生过的动作。 例（3）I regret to say that you didn’t pass the exam.
我很抱歉地告诉你，你没通过考试。（对马上要说这件事表示抱歉）
We regret telling her the truth. 我们后悔告诉了她。（已经告诉了她，现在后悔）
2.2 不定式
语法功能：在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。本节将主要讲解不定式的基本结构，被动式，完成式及复合结构。
基本形式： 一般式 完成式
进行式 主动形式 （not）to make （not）to have made （not）to be making 被动形式 （not）to be made （not）to have been made 一、动词不定式的基本结构和用法
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，多与某些动词。名词，形容词搭配。
例（1）Good-bye , Mr. Wang. I’m pleased _____ you.
A. to meet C. to have been meeting
B .meeting D. to be met
（【答案】A）（1998年57题）
例（2）Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _____ their best.
A. do B. to do （答案为B）（1996年44题）
二、动词不定式的被动式
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。我们通过几道真题来体会。
例（1）. The question ______ at the meeting tomorrow is very important.
A. to discuss B. being discussed C. to be discussed D. will be discussed （【答案】C）（2004年11月34题）
本句的意思是：“明天会上要讨论的问题非常重要。”
例（2）We shall ask for samples _____ and then we can make our decision. A. to be sent B. being sent C. to sent D. to have been sent （【答案】A）（2003年4月17题）
本句的意思是：“我们要求把产品的样品送来，然后才能做出决定。” 例（3）The ability _____ is very important for any speaker.
A. to hear clearly B. to be clearly heard C. to hearing clearly D. to being clearly heard （【答案】B）（1999年39题）
本句的意思是：“发言人的一个重要能力就是让大家都听清楚讲话。” 例（4）Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house _____ so well.
A. to be decorated B. to decorate C. be decorated D. decorating （【答案】A）（1995年22题）
本句的意思是：“史密斯先生和夫人没想到房间装饰得这么好。”
注意：不定式在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, pleasant 等形容词后作状语，用主动形式表示被动。
如：Some of his ideas are difficult to understand.
他有些观点很难理解。(相当于to understand some of his ideas is difficult.) The box is heavy to carry.
箱子搬起来很重。（相当于 to carry the box is heavy.）
One of the benefits of the new model is that it is easier____ than the old one. A. operating B. to be operated C. to operate D. operated
（【答案】C）（2003年4月13题）
相当于：To operate it is easier than to operate the old one.
相信通过真正理解这几道例题，考生会对不定式的被动式有更直观、更深刻的认识。 三、动词不定式的完成式
C. doing D. done
表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。因此考生不但要熟练掌握动词的不定式，还要理解好句意。
例（1）Judging from his manners at the party, he doesn’t seem _____ much education.
A. to receive B. to be receiving C. to have received D. to have been received （【答案】C）（1997年45题）
本句的意思是：“看他在晚会上的举止行为，似乎没受多少教育。” 例（2）The book is said _____ into several foreign languages up to now. A. to translate B. to have translate C. to have been translated D. to be translated （【答案】C）
本句的意思是：“据说到目前这本书已经翻译成了多种文字.” 四. 动词不定式的复合结构
如需指出不定式动作的发出者时（即逻辑主语时）要在不定式前用for加名词（或代词）表示。
例（1）It was very difficult _____ me to learn Spanish.
A. of （【答案】D）
B. to
C. with
D. for
例（2）It is necessary _____ the papers immediately. A. for you to hand in C. your hand in （【答案】A）
B. that you hand out D. for your hand in
五、have sth done 和have sb do sth的用法
have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。
have sb do sth表示让某人做某事
例（1）Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature_______. A. taking B. taken C. took D. take （【答案】B）（2003年11月38题） 例（2）I’ll _____ that I’m a qualified engineer.
A. have you know B. have known you C. have you knowing D. have you known （【答案】A）（2003年4月25题）
例（3）We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer. A. to rearrange B. rearrange C. rearranged （【答案】C）（2002年50题）
D. rearranging
2.3 分词
分词包括现在分词（原形-ing）和过去分词(原形-ed)。本小节将着重讲解两者的基本用法，区别及其主格结构。
一、分词在句中的作用：两者都可在句中担任定语，表语，状语，补语，和主格 例（1）Henry is often seen ______ English aloud every morning in the classroom. A. read B. reads C. reading （【答案】D）（2004年11月31题）
现在分词做宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。
D. to read
例（2）John, _____ the bet, had to pay for the dinner. A. lost B. having lost （【答案】B）（2004年4月33题） 分词短语的完成时做原因状语。
C. losing
D. having loss
例（3）They all returned to the village _____ that the danger was over. A. convincing C. to convince （【答案】B）（1997年57题） 过去分词做伴随状语
B. convinced D. having convinced
二、现在分词和过去分词的区别：主要在于现在分词表示主动，正在进行；过去分词表
示被动，动作完成。
例（1）She told me that it was the most _____ gift her daughter had received.
A. delighting B. delighted C. delights D. delight （【答案】A）（2003年38题）
现在分词修饰的是事物，常译作“令人„”，具有主动的意思。过去分词修饰人，常译作“感到„”，具有被动的意思。又如：the moved audience：受感动的观众，a moving film:感人的电影。
例（2）My parents are _____ with my progress. A. please B. pleased （【答案】B。）
C. pleasing
D. being pleased
三、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别。
例（1）Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _____ with all kinds of goods. A. loading B. being loaded C. to be loaded （【答案】B）（2000年23题）
现在分词的被动式，表示动作正在发生。
D. having loaded
例（2）The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _____ answers the questions.
A. to be interviewed B. interviewing C. being interviewed D. interviewed （【答案】C）（1997年33题）
现在分词的被动式，表示动作正在发生。
例（3）We found the cake eaten by Tom我们发现是汤姆吃了蛋糕。 （过去分词表示动作的完成和结果。） 四、分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语关系。
⑴．二者一致时，分词形式要由动词与主语的关系决定
例（1）_____ tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep. A. Felt B. Feeling （【答案】B）（1998年50题）
C. Being felt
D. To feel
Feel 为系动词，因此用表示主动的现在分词，表示伴随状态。 例（2）Arriving at the bus stop, _____ waiting there. A. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people were C. he found a lot of people’s D. people were found （【答案】A）（1996年37题）
分词短语做伴随状语时，和主句共用一个主语。
⑵．当分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语时，则要涉及到分词的主格形式（一般由名词担任）。
例（1）All things _____, the planned trip had to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered
（【答案】A）（2006年4月23题）
例（2）Classes ______, the students left for home without delay. A. were over B. being over C. are over D. over （【答案】B）（2004年4月18题）
当分词短语的主语和主句的主语不一致而且又有自己的主语的时候，要用分词的主格。因此只有B最符合语法结构。本句的意思为：“下课后，同学们一点没有耽搁，直接回家了。”分词的主格作时间状语。
例（3）______, we decided to leave at once, as we didn't want to risk missing the bus. A. As it being pretty late B. It being pretty late C. It was being pretty late D. Being pretty late
（【答案】B）（2004年11月26题）本题考查的也是主格结构，因此B为正确答案。本句的意思是：“已经很晚了，我们决定立刻离开，因为我们不想误车。”
例（4）The plane crashed, its bombs _____ as it hit the ground. A. exploded B. were exploded C. exploding D. were exploding （【答案】C）（1999年43题）
我们再来看几道练习，强化这部分知识。
例（1）Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace.
如果天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。分词的主格做条件状语。
例（2）It being Sunday，you needn't go to school.因为是星期天，你用不着去上学。分词
的主格做原因状语。
例（3）All the work done, you can have a rest.所有的工作都完成了，可以休息了。分词的主格做条件状语。
五、with（without）引导的分词的结构。
例（1）With the flowers _____everywhere, the park looks beautiful.
A. to bloom B. blooming C. be blooming D. to be blooming （【答案】B）（2004年4月38题） with后面接复合宾语，因为宾语the flowers和宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，因此用现在分词，B为正确答案。本句的意思是：“到处鲜花盛开，公园非常美丽。”
例（2）With the old man _____ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. A. leading B. led C. lead D. to be led （【答案】A）（2000年27题）
出题思路和上例基本相同。本句的意思是：“有老人带路，我们毫不费力的找到了那个神秘的山洞。”
例（3）He walked across the meeting room _____ everyone looking at her.
A. with B. as C. while D. when
（【答案】A。with或without可以引导分词的结构，做伴随状语。）（1997年49题）
2.1-2.3配套练习
1. Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes, I still was not able to find a chair _____.
A. to sit B. for to sit on C. to sit on D. for sitting
2. “What did you do in the garden?” “I watched my father _____ his motorbike.” A. to repair
B. repaired C. repairing
D. repairs
3. We must have an engineer _____ the workers build the house. A. to see B. see C. seeing D. seen
4. John didn’t want to risk _____ wet as he had only one suit. A. getting B. to get C. being got D. to be gotten 5. I remember _____ to the zoo by my father when I was little. A. being taken B. taking C. have been taken D. to have taken 6. I regret _____ you that your application has been refused. A. inform B. being informed C. to be informed D. to inform
7. There is something wrong with my TV set, I must have it _____. A. checking B. check C. to check D. checked
8. The machines are made _____ at full speed. A. work B. working C. to work
D. to be worked
9. Without the sun’s light _____ the earth’s surface, it would be so cold that life could not exist on the earth.
A. warms B. warmed C. warming D. to warm
10. The famous scientist was easy _____ along with. A. to get B. for getting C. getting D. got
11. _____ from the hill-top the lake scenery is beyond description. A. To see B. Seeing C. Seen D. Having 12. All flights _____ because of the storm , they decided to take the train. A. having cancelled B. were cancelled C. have been cancelled D. cancelled 13. There’s one thing I dislike about him: he will never admit _____ a mistake. A. having made B. making C. being made D. have been made 14. The electric shaver _____ before it can be used. A. needs repairing B. requires to repair C. should be in repair D. has to be repairablew 15. _____ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not received B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 16. _____in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. to lose
答案与解析
1. 应该是sit on the chair，on介词不能省略。选C。
2. watch是感官动词，后面可以跟sb. do或sb.doing。选C。 3. have sb. do sth.“让某人做某事”，不定式不带to。选B。 4. Risk doing sth.“冒险做某事”，排除B，D。而get wet“变湿”的动作发出者是John，应该用主动，排除C。选A。
5. Remember doing表示“记得做过某事”事情已经做了；remember to do表示“记得去做”，事情还没有做。根据句意，“我记得我父亲带我去过动物园”应该是已经发生的事，所以用remember doing，排除C，D。而且我是“被带去”，应该用被动式。选A。
6. Regret to do表示“为将要做的事表示抱歉”，regret doing表示“为已经做的事表示后悔”。根据句意“我很遗憾地通知你，你的申请被拒绝了。”应该用regret to do。选D。
7. 根据句意“我要让我的电视机被检查”，应该用have sth. done结构。选D。
8. 使役动词用make，在主动语态中要用不带to的动词不定式作宾补，make sb. do sth，但在被动语态中，一定要带to.根据句意“机器被使得全速工作”，被动语态，要带to，选C。
9. 本句意思为：没有阳光温暖地球表面，地球就会非常寒冷，生物无法在地球上生存。Without加主格，分词的主语是the sun’s light和warm之间应该是主动关系，用现在分
词。选C。
10. Easy形容词后应该跟动词不定式，选A。
11. 在句中作状语的分词，它的逻辑主语应该和句子的主语一致。本句中，the lake scenery“湖面的风景”是主语，“风景”应该“被看”，所以应该用过去分词。选C。beyond description“无法形容”，表示景色很美。
12. 句子的两个部分中间是逗号，且后面的部分是完整的句子，所以前面部分肯定不是完整的句子。排除B，C。根据句意可知“航班已经被取消”，用分词的主格做状语表示原因。应该用被动完成式。选D。
13. Admit doing sth“承认做某事”。排除D，C也排除，因为他应该是犯错的主语，不能用被动形式。承认的是做过的事情，应该用完成式。选A。
14. Need，want，require后要加现在分词，主动形式表示被动含义。Need repairing表示“需要被修”，相当于need to be repaired。选A。句意为：这个电刮胡刀在使用前需要修理。
15. 分词的否定式是直接在前面加not，排除B，D。“没收到信”发生在“决定写信”之前，应该用完成形式。选C。
16. Lost in thought表示“陷入沉思”，为固定短语。选C。
三.各种从句
英语中从句包括：名词从句、定语从句和状语从句。这部分内容较为繁杂，我们将逐一的讲解。
3.1 名词从句
名词从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 3.1.1、主语从句
在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。
连词：that，whether
连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever等。 连接副词：when，where，how，why
1、由连词that，whether引导的主语从句。
连词that，whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不担任成分，不能省略，且由它们引导的主语从句，多用it做形式主语。
例（1）_____ was unimportant. A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner C. If he enjoyed our dinner D. What he enjoyed our dinner
（【答案】A）（2000年40题）
例（2）That the earth is round is true.（It is true that the earth is round.） 地球是圆的，这是个事实。
2、由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句
What有时可以用来表示the thing which这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西或一件事情。它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语或状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it引导。Who，whom，which，what，可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成份，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。
例（1）______ was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.
A. What B. That C. Which D. As （【答案】A）（2004年11月27题） what在从句中做主语。本句的意思是：“曾经被认为是不可能的事情如今变成了现实。” 例（2）_____ I saw was two men crossing the street. A. What B. Whom C. Who （【答案】A）（2001年38题）
例（3）_____ was not the way the event happened.
A. Which the press reported B. That the press reported C. What did the press report D. What the press reported （【答案】D）（1998年24题） 主语从句，what在从句中做宾语。
3、由连接副词：when，where，how，why引导的主语从句。 例：When we’ll start is not clear.（It is not clear when we’ll start.） 我们何时出发还不清楚。
4、句型It is desirable（suggested，necessary，requested，ordered，proposed，urgent）+that+主语+should（可省略）+V（动词原形）。
例（1）It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made. A. will be arranged C. be arranged （【答案】C）（2003年4月45题）
B. must be arranged D. would be arranged
D. That
例（2）It is highly desirable that a new president _____ for this university. A. is appointed C. be appointed （【答案】C）（1997年52题）
B. will be appointed D. has been appointed
3.1.2、表语从句
1、在从句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词之后，常用的关联词和主语从句相同。
例（1）Isn't that _____they call peace and friendship?
A. which B. this （【答案】C）（2004年4月27题）
C. what D. where
例（2）This is what he wants.这就是他想要的东西。
例（3）The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.
问题是我们明天上午能否完成任务。
2、用suggestion等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时，用虚拟语气，从句中用should（可省略）+动词原形。
例（1）The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important tasks.
A. would leave B. leave C. left （【答案】B）（2002年48题）
D. have left
例（2）His proposal is that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition. 他提议他们和别的组挑战进行一场友谊竞赛。
3.1.3、宾语从句
1、宾语从句用陈述句的语序
例（1）I must tell you how _____ a letter from you.
A. pleased I was to receive B. pleased I was to receiving C. was I pleased to receive D. pleased I was receiving （【答案】A）（2004年4月30题）
.此句为how引导的宾语从句。how后面紧跟它所修饰的形容词或副词，然后再接一个陈述句。另外注意短语：be pleased to do sth.本句的意思是：“我必须告诉你收到你的来信我是多么的高兴。”
例（2）Can you tell me _____ about the city that makes people love it so much? A. it is what B. what it is C. what is it D. is it what （【答案】B）（1999年47题）
2、介词后面的宾语从句 例（1）The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _____ she had gone.
A. where that B. of where C. of the place D. the place （答案: B）（1998年48题） where 引导的从句做介词的宾语。
例（2）He was a man of fine character in all points _____ he was rather timid. A. in that B. except that （【答案】B）（1997年53题） 3、宾语从句的时态：
主句是一般现在时，则从句可为任何时态；主句是过去时，从句只能用过去的某种时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。但若从句为真理性内容，则用现在时。
例：He said that he had passed the exam. 他说他通过了考试。（不能用has passed, 现在完成式要改成过去完成式）。
The teacher said in class that the earth goes around the sun. 老师说地球围着太阳转。（从
C. for that D. except for
句内容是真理，因此动词不受主句时态影响，仍用一般现在时）
4、suggest，insist，order，demand等动词后作宾语时，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚拟语气。
例（1）His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A. put on B. puts on （【答案】A）（1999年58题）
C. to put D. putting on
例（2）The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life. A. had B. would have C. have （【答案】C）（1998年28题）
5、在下列情况下不能用if , 只用whether。
后跟不定式：He didn’t tell me whether to go or stay.他没有告诉我是走还是留下。 前面有介词：He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。
引导主语从句：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.他们胜利也好，失败也好，对我来说都是一样的。
后面直接跟or not：I wonder whether I’ll catch the last bus or not.我不知道我能否赶上末班车。
D. was going to have
3.1.4、同位语从句
1、同位语从句的基本用法
常跟在fact，idea，news等名词的后面，通常用连词that引导。
例（1）The news quickly spread through the village ______ the war had ended. A. which B. what C. that D. where （【答案】C。2006年11月16题）
例（2）Would the news _____ he failed to pass the exam bother you? A. which B. that C. of which D. on which （【答案】B。2003年4月58题）同位语从句。
2、如果同位语从句所修饰的先行词是suggestion，proposal等名词的时候，谓语动词用should+原形动词。should可以省略。
例（1）My suggestion that we do the experiment again is accepted by them. 我建议再做一次实验，他们接受了。
例（2）His proposal that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher.他提议向别的组挑战，来一场友谊竞赛。这个提议受到了老师的表扬。 3、同位语从句与后面要讲的定语从句区别：
定语从句的作用是修饰先行词；而同位语从句是对其前名词的解释或说明。
同时，在同位语从句中，that本身没有具体的意义，只是一个引导词，而且不充当任何句子成分；在定语从句中，that既是引导词，又在句子中充当成分。
例：The news that he will quit his job is true.
他要辞职的消息是真的。（本句中的that从句是同位语从句，讲的是news的内容）。
（句中that不能省略）。
The news that you told me is true.
你告诉我的消息是真的。（本句中的that从句是定语从句，是对news进行了限定，指是你告诉的而非别人）。句中that可以省略。
3.1配套练习
1. He told me that he had bought a music tape and _____ buy another one the next week. A. that he would B. he was going to C. he would D. he should 2. We don’t doubt _____ he can do a good job of it. A. whether B. that C. if
D. which
3. I wonder how many years ago _____. A. did your father retire B. your father retired C. has your father retired D. your father has retired 4. We all agree with him on _____ he said. A. what B. that C. why
D. which
5. The teacher told the children that the Chinese culture____one of the oldest cultures in the world.
A. is B.was C. had been D. has been 6. I will give this dictionary to _____ wants to have it. A. whomever B. whoever C. whatever
D. wherever
7. _____ all the inventions have in common is _____ they have succeeded. A.That,what B. What, that C. That, that D. What, what
8. Three days later, word came_____ our country had sent up another man-made satellite. A. when B. which C. that D. where 9. If you do your best it doesn’t matter _____ people think of you. A. that B. what C. which D. if
10.______you didn’t know the rules won’t be a sufficient excuse for your delaying submitting the report.
A. It is B. That C. Because D. What 11. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. that C. if D. for 12. I am sure ________ he said is true. A. that B. about that C. of that D. that what
13. Why the explosion occurred was ________ the laboratory attendant had been careless. A. for B. because C. since D. that
14. One of the men held the view ________ the book said was right. A. what that B. that what C. that which D. which that 15. He insisted that he ________ in good health and _______ to work there. A. was, be sent B. is, is sent C. be, was sent D. be, send
16. We think it possible ________ the local government will be able to solve the housing problem.
A. for B. that C. when D. how
答案与解析 选择
1. 如果有几个宾语从句并列，除了第一个宾语从句可以省略that外，其它几个宾语从句必须有that引导。选A。
2. Doubt的否定形式或疑问形式后面如果有宾语从句，要用that引导。例如：I don’t doubt that he can speak English.我毫不怀疑他会说英语。此句中doubt是否定形式，所以选B。全句意思为：我们毫不怀疑他会把这件工作做好。
3. 宾语从句中用陈述语序。排除A，C。有时间状语how many years ago“多少年前”，应该用过去时。选B。
4. 此题不能选that，因为what =the thing(s) that/which。What he said“他所说的话”，作介词on的宾语从句。选A。
5. 选A。真理性的东西用一般现在时，不管前面的动词是什么时态。
6. 本句意思为：谁想要这本字典，我就给谁。选B，whoever=anybody who。此题容易误A。因为引导词在从句中还要作主语，只能用主格，不能用宾格。
7. All the inventions have in common不是一个完整的句子，缺少一个宾语，所以应该用what引导，what做have的宾语。What=the thing(s)/which。They have succeeded 是一个完整的句子，succeed为不及物动词，用that引导。选B。全句意思为：所有发明共性是他们都成功了。
8. Our country had sent up another man-made satellite是一个完整的句子，所以引导此为不作任何句子成分的that。That引导严格同位语从句，说明word的内容。Word用单数，前面不加冠词表示“消息”。选C。
9. 本句意思为：如果你尽力了，人们怎样看你并不重要。People think of you不是完整的句子，用what引导。选B。
10. 选B， that引导的是主语从句。本句意思是: 你不知道规定，这并不是迟交报告的充分理由。
11. 选B。that引导的句子作为真正主语，为后置的主语从句，而it为形式主语。 12. D.本句话中包含了两重从句，首先是that引导的宾语从句，作为sure的宾语；而在宾语从句中，主语又是一个what引导的名词性从句。本句意思是：我确定他说的都是真的。
13. D，that引导的是表语从句，解释说明主语的内容，主语则是由why引导的从句。本句意思是：发生爆炸的原因是做实验的人太粗心。
14. 选B。首先，view后的that从句是同位语从句，起解释说明view内容的作用；然后，再同位语从句中，what引导的名词性从句又作句子的主语。本句意思：其中一人认为书上说的是对的。
15.选A。insist 表示坚持说，后面用真实语气，故根据前面的过去时推断，后面的健康也是过去时；但insist表示坚持要求做…时，则用虚拟语气，故选A。
16. 选B。that引导的句子为真正的宾语，为句子结构平衡缘故而后置，it只是形式宾语。
3.2 定语从句
在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句分为两种：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。本节主要讲解各关系代词及关系副词引导的定语从句，介词与关系代词连用，准关系代词as,以及非限定性定语从句。
一、关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that引导的定语从句 例（1）The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.
A. whom B. whoever C. who D. of whom
（【答案】C。1998年40题）定语从句中I thought 做插入语，who 做主语。 注：以下情况只用that不用which或who : ①先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时
He is the tallest man that I have ever seen.( 此处不用who,因为前面有最高级修饰) ②先行词前有any, all, the only, the very, the last, no 时 She is the very person that we are looking for.（此处不能用who,因为前面有the very 修饰） ③先行词为all, little, something, anything, nothing, much,few 等不定代词时
Is there anything that I can do for you? （此处不用which，因为先行词为anything） ④先行词既有人又有物时
We are talking about the persons and the things that we remember. (先行词为person and thing,人和物，故用that)
例：Of those____had applied for the jobs, only two were accepted.
A. persons B. that C. who D. which (答案B， 2003年考题)
二、关系副词 when ,where, why, 引导的定语从句
例（1）We live in a time ______, more than ever before in history, people are moving. A. what B. when C. which D. where （【答案】B）（2006年11月19题）
例（2）I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village. A. when B. during which （【答案】A）（2001年题）
C. which
D. in which
例（3）The time will come _____ man can fly to outer space freely. A. that B. when C. in that D. which （【答案】B。1996年35题）when在定语从句中做状语。 三、关系代词前带介词的定语从句:
例（1）This is the dictionary ______ I depend a lot whenever I have problems with new words.
A. with which B. in which （【答案】C）（2004年4月19题）
C. on which D. for which
例（2）Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _____ she belonged.
A. which B. to where C. to which D. at which （【答案】C）（1998年56题）
关系代词which和whom 还可以做“动词词组”后面的前置宾语。这里的动词词组是belong to。
注：介词后面的关系词不用that. 四．准关系代词as
as也可用来引导定语从句。用作关系代词的as通常与such, the same, as连用。或者用在句首，指代后面的一句话，如as is known to all, as we all know, as is often the case等。
例如：I will buy the same shirt as you have. 我将买和你同样的衬衫。
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand。 他用大家都可以了解的简单英语说话。
例：____is known to us all, the earth moves around the sun. A. Because B. For C. So D. As ( 答案D，2004年 ) 五、非限定性定语从句：
（1）对被修饰的名词起附加说明，或进一步描述或补充。
这种从句有一定的性，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整，只是内容相对地不够具体。与主句之间常用逗号分开，所用的关系代词与限定性定语从句基本相同，但不能用关系代词that引导，一般用which.
例（1）He was very rude to the customs officer, _____ of course made things even worse. A. who B. whom C. what D. which
（【答案】D）（2006年4月21题）
例（2）An old friend from abroad, _____I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport.
A. that B. whom （【答案】B）（2000年31题）
C. whose
D. which
例（3）The investigation, _____ will soon be published, was made by John. A. at which the results B. the results on which C. whose results D. at whose results （【答案】C）（1998年58题）
whose 引导的非限定性定语从句修饰先行词investigation 例（4）His brother had become a teacher, _____he wanted to be.
A. who B. what C. which D. that （【答案】C）（1997年39题）
which引导的非限定性定语从句，在从句中做宾语，修饰先行词a teacher
（2）“名词（代词）+介词+关系代词”
例（1）The writer has published many books, _____ are well received by the readers. A. none of whom B. all of which C. neither of who D. one of which （【答案】B(2004年4月17题).
关系代词修饰的是指物的名词，因此用which；根据本句的句意，要选肯定句。本句的意思是：“这位作者出版了好多部书，都非常受读者的欢迎。”
例（2）The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.
A. them B. that （【答案】C）（2003年23题）
C. which
D. those
例（3）We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, _____is completely water proof. A. no of which B. none of which C. some of which D. neither of which （【答案】B）（1995年36题）
“名词（代词）+of+which（whom）”引起的定语从句常表示部分与整体的关系。 此外还有介词+关系代词的用法，见上面第三点。
3.2配套练习
选择
1. I have bought the same dress _____she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. than 2. The letter and the little girl _____ we had discovered disappeared again. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 3. He was one of the boys who _____ late for class. A. are B. is C. were
D. was
4. I’ll never forget the holidays _____ I worked in the factory. A. which B. when C. that D. where 5. He is a man of great experience, _____ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom 6. Some of the roads were folded, _____ made our journey more difficult. A. which B. it C. what D. that 7. Is this the museum _____ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which
D. the one
8. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 9. Please pass me the dictionary _____ cover is black. A. which B. which of C. whose
D. with
10. This is the biggest laboratory _____ we have ever built in our school. A.which B . what C. where D. — 11. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last week. A. all which B. all what C. that all
D. all
12. There are different forms of energy, _____ come from the sun. A. that B. most of that C. most of them D. most of which 13. I don’t like _____ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 14. The speed _____ light travels is very high. A. which B. at which C. in which
D. with which
15. The reason _____ he gives for not coming is unacceptable. A. which B. for which C. in which D. why 16. The reason _____ they died was lack of medical care. A. which B. for which C. in which D. why
答案与解析 选择
1. 本题用了the same…as ― 与…一样‖ 的句型。应选A。 2. 先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句的引导词用that。选B。
3. 全句意思为：他是上课迟到中的一位。“迟到”是在过去发生的应该用过去时，先排除A，B。定语从句的先行词是boys（男孩们），定语从句的谓语动词要用复数。选C。 4. 从句I worked in the factory是一个完整的句子，因此引导词在从句中应作状语。而先行词the holidays是表示时间的名词，因此要用关系副词when，它在从句中作时间状语。选B。
5. Learn from sb表示“向某人学习”为固定搭配。排除A，B。又因为介词后应该用宾语，所以从句的引导词用whom，选D。全句意思为：他是一个很有经验的人，从他身上我们能学到很多知识。
6. 此题容易误选B或D.如果选择B或D，逗号两边都是完整的句子，不符合英语的语法规则。应该选A。which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的整句话。全句意思为“有些道路被洪水冲毁了，这使我们的旅程更加艰难。”
7. 先行词是museum在定语从句中作visit的宾语，故引导词用that，which都可以，而且都可以省略。选A。
8. 此句变成陈述句是:This museum is the museum (that) some German friends visited last Wednesday. The one 指代the museum，关系代词that省略。选D。
9. Whose 作为定语从句的引导词表示“某人的”或“某物的”，这里应该是“字典的
封皮是黑的”所以应该选C。“whose +从句”或“of which+从句”或with 短语代替。如：Look at the house whose roof is red。可以改为：
Look at the house of which the roof is red. Look at the house the roof of which is red. Look at the house with a red roof.
10. 当先行词前有最高级修饰时，用关系代词that 不能用which。而且如果这个关系代词在定语从句中做宾语，可以省略，所以选D。 切勿选A。
11. 从句子结构看，本句缺少一个宾语，即tell sb. sth.的sth. All作tell的直接宾语，he told me last week是定语匆遽修饰all，其中省略了引导词 that .因为that 在定语从句中作宾语。选D。注意：all that =what。不能选B，all what。
12. 此句为非限定性定语从句，排除A和C.因为如果选A. that不能引导非限定性从句.选C则是用逗号 两个句子，不符合语法。介词后的关系代词不能用that，B也不对。选D。 13. 修饰time，moment，way，direction，distance等名词的定语从句的关系词可以省略。本题中you speak to her修饰the way。定语从句的先行词是the way，其关系词可以用in which或that，还可以省略关系词。所以选A。
14. which代替先行词在后面的定语从句中作at的宾语。“以什么样的速度传播”应该是travel at ….speed，介词不能省略。选B。
15. 此题容易误选D。要注意why引导定语从句时，在定语从句中作状语。相当于for which=for the reason。而本题中引导词应该作give的宾语，所以不能选D。应该选A，which=reason.
16. 本题应该选B、D。因为引导词why和for which（相当于for the reason）在定语从句they died 中作原因状语。参看上题。
3.3 状语从句
在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。本节将着重讲解以下几种从句：
一、时间状语从句
常用的连词有：when，whenever（无论什么时候），since，as，until，hardly…when，no sooner…than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute（一…就…）
例（1）No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard.
A. when B. than C. then D. after
（【答案】B。no sooner…than引导的时间状语从句。）（2002年57题） 例（2）She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young girl.
A. long B. often C. always D. ever
（【答案】D。时间状语从句，ever since表示从…以后一直。）（1997年56题） 二、条件状语从句
常用if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as只要。
例（1）_____ I’m mistaken, I’ve seen that man before.
A. Unless B. If C. Because D. Provided （【答案】A。unless引导条件状语从句）（2001年40题）
例（2）_____ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. A. Until B. Unless （【答案】B）（1998年60题） 三、原因状语从句
常用：because，as，since。如果表示必然的因果关系，一般用because引入；而since表示一种间接或附带的原因；用as 只是提一下。
例（1）He cannot go to school because he is ill. 他因为生病不能上学。 例（2）Everyone likes you as you are both kind and honest. 人人都喜欢你，因为你既和气，又诚实。
四、让步状语从句
常用though/although，as（尽管），even if/though，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，no matter how/what/who等。
例（1）__________ at Harvard，he began again to write his essay.
A. Busy was as he B. Busy as was he C. Busy as he was D. As was he busy （【答案】C）（2004年11月44题）
例（2）Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do. A. that B. as （【答案】B）（2000年44题）
C. although D. however C. If
D. Provided
as引导让步状语从句，被强调的部分放在句子之前，进行倒装。 例（3）In short, _____ he lives，a man belongs to some society. A. whatever B. whenever C. whichever D. wherever （【答案】D）（1997年44题）
wherever引导让步状语从句，wherever = no matter where 例（4）_____, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema. A. No matter whoever you are B. Whomever you are C. Whoever you are D. No matter who are you （【答案】C）（1997年59题）
whoever,引导让步状语从句，= no matter who
例（5）_____ you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering. A. Even if B. If only C. Instead of （【答案】A）（1998年44题） 五、方式状语从句
D. Despite of
常用as, just as, as if/though 等词。
例（1）_____ was pointed above, this substance can be used as a substitute. A. It B. That （【答案】D）（1999年32题） As引导方式状语从句。
C. What
D. As
例（2）He talks as if he _____ everything in the world. A. knows （【答案】B）
B. knew C. had known D. would have known
六、目的状语从句
常用so that , in order that, lest（以免，以防）, in case。 例（1）I wrote it down _____ I should forget it.
A. in case B. in case of C. in order that D. for fear of （【答案】A）（2002年27题）
例（2）I’ll give you my phone number, so that you can call me when you arrive here. 我把我的电话号码告诉你，以便你到达这里后可以给我打电话。 七、结果状语从句
常用so…that, such…that
例They are _____ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations. A. so diligent C. so much diligent （【答案】B）（2002年43题）
B. such diligent D. such very diligent
3.3配套练习
1. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but he hung up _______ I could answer
the phone.
A as B since C until D before 2. ________ I shall still go outside.
A. As the sun is hot B. Hot as is the sun C. Hot as the sun is D. Though hot is the sun
3. The thief stole my wallet ________ I knew it. A. before B. until C. while
D after
4. You must practice speaking English________ A. any time possible B. when necessary C. whenever possibly D. whenever possible 5. ________ a satisfactory answer, so he had to writhe to them again. A. As he hadn’t received B. Not having received C. Having not received D. He hadn’t received 6. Taking an umbrella ________ it rains.
A. in any case B. in case C. because D. for
7. ________ the day went on, the weather got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As 8. Speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better. A. since B. so that C. for D. because
9. “Did you catch the first bus this morning?” “No. It had left the stop _______ I got there.”
A. as soon as B. at the time C. by the time
D. during the time
10. He sat _______ the sunlight was enough. A. where B. when C. that D. the place where 11. The World’s Fair won’t be a financial success ________ there are enough visitors. A. lest B. provided C. if D unless 12. We’ll have to finish the job, _______. A. long it takes however B. it takes however long C. long however it takes D. however long it takes
13. You can fly to London this afternoon ______you don’t mind changing the plane for Paris. A. provided B. unless C. except D. so far as
14. We must begin testing the instrument no matter ______difficult it is. A. what B. when C. how D. however
15. ______ people say, I believe he is as innocent as a baby unborn. A. Whoever B. However C. Whatever D. Whenever 16. I decided to stop and have lunch, ______ I was feeling quite hungry. A. for B. moreover C. consequently D. whereas
答案与解析 选择
1. hung up（hang up的过去式）表示“挂机”。根据句意“有人在半夜给我打电话，但我还没来得及接，他就挂了。”也就是，在我接之前他就挂了。选D
2. as引导让步状语从句应当把表语或状语放在句首， hot as the sun is= although the sun is hot。选C
3. 本句意为：我还不知道怎么回事，钱包就被偷走了。也就是“在我知道之前，钱包就被偷了”。选A
4. 选D。状语从句省略了it is。全句意为“你应该在任何可能的时间练习说英语。” 5. as表示“因为”不能和so连用。So是并列连词，连接两个句子，B和C都是分词短语，无法作句子的谓语。选D
6. It rains用的是一般现在时，不是发生的事实。所以句子的意思是“带上一把伞，以
防下雨。”表示“以防某事发生”用in case。所以选择B。
7. as意为“随着”或“与„同时”表示伴随动作。as the day went on“随着白天的过去”，类似的表示还有as time went on“随着时间的推移”。选D。
8. so that可以引导目的状语从句或结果状语从句。在这里它引导目的状语从句，因为句中有情态动词may，相当于in order that。全句意为：跟他说话慢一些，这样他才能更好地理解你。选B
9. by the time引导一个时间状语从句，后面跟过去或将来的时间点，主句一般用过去完成时，或将来完成时。全句意为：我到那儿的时候，车已经走了。选C
10. 选A。这里where引导一个地点状语从句。此题容易误选D。但在the place前缺少一个介词at.
11. 主句意为“世界博览会在财政上不会取得成功”，从句的意思是“有足够的参观者”，用unless连接比较合适。意为“世界博览会在财政上不会取得成功，除非有足够的参观者。”选D
12. however引导让步状语从句，放在从句的句首，相当于no matter how。选D。全句意为：无论花多长时间，我们都要完成工作。
13. 答案为A。provided 只要，引导条件状语从句。B除非，C除了，D就…而言。整句意思：如果不介意换乘去巴黎的飞机，你今天下午就可以飞去伦敦。
14. C让步状语从句。 No matter how difficult = however it is difficult。意思是：不论有多难，我们必须开始测验器具。
15. 选C。意思：不管人们说什么，我都相信他像婴儿般纯洁。whatever引导的是让步状语从句。
16. 选A。for表示原因，引导原因状语从句。题意为：我决定停下来吃午饭，因为我饿了。
四．强调结构
一、强调句型的基本形式It is（was）+被强调部分+that（who）…。
（【答案】B。应改为“that”）（1998年68题）
（【答案】B。应改为who） 二、强调句型用来强调状语。
例（1）It was while she was sleeping in her bedroom ____ a thief broke into the house.
A. which B. that C. where D. than （【答案】B）（2006年4月36题）强调时间状语。 例（2）It is from my grandparents _____ I learned a lot. A. who B. whom C. that （【答案】C）（2004年4月16题）.
D. which
例（3）It is because she is very devoted to her students _______she is respected by them. A. that B. which C. what （【答案】A）（2001年33题）强调原因状语。
D. who
例（4）It was in that small room_____ they worked hard and dreamed of better days to come. A. where B. in which C. which D. that （【答案】D）（1997年58题）强调地点状语。 三：not… until…句型的强调
It is/was not until+ 被强调部分+that+ 其它部分
例：It was not until dawn _____ their way out of the forest.
A. when they found B. that they found C. did they find D. that they didn’t find
（【答案】B）（2006年4月18题）
五.倒装结构
一、否定词放置句首时，助动词或be动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装。常用的否定词有：not，scarcely，barely，seldom，not until，little，（in）under no circumstance，by no means，no sooner…than等。
例（1）In no case _____ the students from exploring new ideas.
A. we should prevent B. we could prevent C. should we prevent D. shouldn’t prevent
（【答案】C）（2006年11月28题）
例（2）Not until I reminded him for the third time _____ working and looked up。 A. that he stopped C. did he stop （【答案】C）（2000年53题）
B. does he stopped D. that he stopped
例（3）_____ the importance of wearing seat belts while driving. A. Little they realize B. They little do realize C. Little realize do they D. Little do they realize （【答案】D）（1996年31题）
二、only+状语/ adv/介词短语放于句首时，句子要倒装。
例（1）Only recently ______ to deal with the environmental problems. A. something has done B. has something done C. has something been done D. something has been done （【答案】C）（2004年11月33题）
例（2）Only under such a condition will he make steady progress. 只有在这样的条件下，
他才会取得扎实的进步。
例（3）Only this morning did I hear the sad news. 我今天早晨才听到这不幸的消息。 三、nor, neither, so 用于句首时, 句子要倒装。
例（1）So little _____about the stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me. A. did I know B. I had known （【答案】A）（1998年30题）
C. I knew
D. was I know
例（2）I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither _____. A. did he （【答案】A）
B. didn’t he
C. he did
D. he could
四、虚拟条件句中省略if时要倒装。
例（1）_____ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized （【答案】B）（1996年39题）
例（2）_____, I should ask them some questions. A. Should they come to us C. Were they come to us （【答案】A）（1997年30题）
B. If they come to us D. Had they come to us
配套练习 选择
1. His mother had talked to him for two hours while he was watching TV, but ________. A. a little did he hear B. little did he hear C. little heard he D. a little heard he 2. “We have to stop talking here. Listen, ______!” “Hurry up, or we’ll be late.” A. There goes the bell C. There the bell goes
B. There does the bell go D. Goes the bell there
3. She didn’t come to the party last Sunday. ________, she must have made the party more exciting.
A. If she came B. Would she come C. Had she come D. Did she come 4. I received his mother’s telephone call at eleven. _______ that he was badly hurt in an accident yesterday.
A. Then did I know B. Only then I knew C. Only then did I know D. Only then knew I
5. “The old man wouldn’t stay at home for a rest even if it rained.”
“________. He would feel sick if he stayed home for one day.” A. So would my grandpa C. Neither would my grandpa
B. So wouldn’t my grandpa D. Nor wouldn’t my grandpa
6. By no means _______ to our plan for the trip. A. will she agree B. she will agree C. agrees she D. will agree she
7. The child tiptoed (翘起脚尖走)quietly to the bird. ________ into the forest when he was about to catch it.
A. Flew it away C. Away it flew
B. Away flew it D. Flew away it
8 Little Tom is an orphan (孤儿). ________, he has to make a living by himself. A. A child as he is C. Child as is he
B. Child as he is D. A child though he is
9. ________ that we couldn’t catch up with him. A. So fast he ran B. So fast did he run C. So fast ran he D. Such fast did he run C. What, what, that
D. What, that, what
10. ---The water changes into thick ice covering rivers and lakes in winter in Harbin. --- _______ in Urumqi and children go skating on it then. A. So is it B. So it does C. So it is D. So does it 11. Mother told Rose to buy some sugar in the supermarket and ______ A. she did so B. so she did C. so did she D. she did such 12. If you don’t go to his birthday party next Friday,________. A. so do I B. so will I C. nor do I D. nor will I
13. It is the ability to do the job_____ matters, not where you come from or what you are. A. one B. that C. what D. if 14. ____ is it ______ made Peter _____ he is today? A. What, that, that B. That, that, what 15. It is ten years _____ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. that B. when C. since 16. It was _____ back home after the experiment.
A． not until midnight did he go B． until midnight that he didn’t go C． not until midnight that he went D． until midnight when he didn’t go
D. as
答案与解析
选择
1. 具有否定意义的副词如：little，seldom，never，hardly，scarcely，rarely等位于句首时，句子部分倒装。选B。
2. 在以here，there，up，down，in，on，out，away，off等副词开头的句字里，主语是名词时，句子完全倒装，以示强调。但主语是人称代词时，不倒装。选A
3. Had she come=If she had come. If引导条件状语从句，可以把if省略掉而改用部分倒装。选C。
4. only修饰句子的状语（副词、介词短语、状语从句）位于句首时，句子部分倒装。C 5. Neither would my grandpa=My grandpa wouldn’t stay at home for a rest, either.否定副词neither，nor提前到句首，且前后两句的主语不同时，句子用部分倒装。C
6. 表示否定意义的介词短语在句中做状语置于句首时，句子部分倒装。这样的介词短语有：by，no means，at no time，in no way，not in the least等。选A。
7. 在以here，there，up，down，in，on，out，away，off等副词开头的句子里，主语是名词时，句子完全倒装，以示强调。但主语是代词时，不倒装。这里是人称代词it，不倒装。C
8. Child as he is= Although he is a child. as引导让步状语从句时，通常要把作表语的形容词或名词、作状语的副词或作谓语的动词原形提前到句首，同时注意，作表语的单数名词前无形容词时要把不定冠词去掉。选B。
9. 在so„that的句型中“so+形容词或副词”提前到句首时，主句部分倒装。选B 10. so does it=the water also changes into thick ice covering the rivers and lakes in winter in Urumqi. 说明乌鲁木齐的天气也是如此。选D。so表示“同样如此”时，放句首，后面部分倒装。
11. so替代前面提到的要求所作的事情，此时不用倒装。选A。
12. nor will I = I will not go to his birthday party next Friday, either. if 引导条件状语从句用一般现在时，主句的时态应该是将来时。选D。
13. 此句为强调句。Matter 作为动词表示“是重要的”。全句意为“重 要的是工作的能力而不是你来自那里，或你是什么人。”选B。
14. 如果将此句变成肯定句为It is what that has made Peter what he is today.“是什么使比的彼德变成了今天这个样子。”就可以看出是在强调第一个what.what he is today作Peter的宾语补足语。选D。
15. 本题易误选为A。其实本句不是强调句。若是，去调It be和that则还是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉It is和that, 只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada, 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。选C。全句意为：格林小姐回到加拿大已经10年了。“It is + 时间段+since+过去时间点”为固定用法，表示“从…..开始，已经…..（时间）了”。
16. 选C。not---until句型变为强调句时，将not until放在一起进行强调，而且后面要用
陈述语序，故选C。
六．反意疑问句
一、反意疑问句的基本用法
反意疑问句也叫附加疑问句，由两部分构成：陈述句+附加问句。一般的规则是：前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定。
例（1）We had to wait a long time to get our passports, ______?
A. won't we B. don't we C. didn't we （【答案】C）（2004年11月22题）
D. shouldn't you
当陈述句为there be句型时，附加疑问句用其否定或肯定的疑问句式。 例（2）He had to finish the work yesterday, _____?
A. hadn’t he B. had he C. didn’t he D. did he
（【答案】C。have作“有”以外解释时，附加疑问句要用助动词do/does/did。） 二、含有否定词的用法
若陈述句部分已有表示否定的 hardly，scarcely，never，seldom 等词时，反问句部分要用肯定。
例（1）You never told me you have seen the film, _____?
A. had you B. didn’t you （【答案】C）（2002年53题）
C. did you
D. weren’t you
例（2）She scarcely cares for anything _____? A. doesn’t B. does she C. is she （【答案】B）（1995年45题） 三、祈使句：
例（1）Don't forget to write to me, _____? A. will you B. didn't you C. are you （【答案】A）（2004年4月23题） 例（2）Please let us have more time , _____?
A. shall we B. will you C. won’t you D. don't you （【答案】B）（1997年23题）
Let’s表示第一人称的祈使句，反问部分主语用we时，谓语用shall。如：Let’s go，shall we?
例（3）Don't forget to write to me, _____? A. do you B. won’t you （【答案】D）（1994年37题） 四、一些特殊用法：
C. are
D. will you
D. don't you
D. isn't she
例（1）I suppose you’re not serious, _____?
A. don’t I B. do I C. are you D. aren’t you （【答案】C）（1996年57题）
主句的谓语是suppose和think，主语是第一人称，反问句部分要和从句的谓语一致。 例（2）I don’t think you’ve heard of him before, _____? A. don’t I B. do I （【答案】C）（1992年33题）
C. have you D. haven’t you
配套练习
1. He is unfair, _____ he? A. is B. isn’t
C. does
D. doesn’t
2. Everything is right here, _____? A. isn’t it B. aren’t they C. are they
D. is it
3. She has breakfast at seven everyday, _____? A. has she B. hasn’t she C. does she 4. None of us can work out the puzzle, _____ we? A. can B. can’t C. do 5. Tom used to get up late, _____ he? A. used B. shouldn’t
D. doesn’t she
D. don’t
C. did D. didn’t
6. Peter could hardly catch what I said, _____ he? A. could B. couldn’t C. did 7. It’s the second time that Dick has been late, _____? A. hasn’t he B. isn’t it C. isn’t he 8. I don’t think it’s important, _____? A. doesn’t B. is it
D. didn’t
D. hasn’t
C. do I D. isn’t
9. What a smell, _____? A. is it B. isn’t it C. does it D. doesn’t 10. She dares to go alone, _____? A. does she B. dares she
C. doesn’t she D. daren’t she
11. You must have stayed up late last night, _____? A. mustn’t you B. don’t you C. didn’t you 12. I wish to have a word with you, _____? A. do I B. don’t I C. may I
D. needn’t you
D. did I
13. Neither he nor I am a musician, _____? A. am I B. is he C. are we D. do we 14. You’d rather have a cup of tea than have a cup of coffee, _____?
A. wouldn’t you B. hadn’t you C. would you D. had you
15 The rescue team must have searched for the missing visitors two days ago, _____? A. mustn’t they B. haven’t they
C. didn’t they D. hadn’t they
16 You’d better find some information about Nike’s ―Chamber of Fear‖ advertisement, _____?
A. wouldn’t you B. had you C. hadn’t you D. should you
答案与解析 选择
1. 陈述部分谓语出现否定词缀时（前缀或后缀），疑问部分仍用否定形式。选B。 2. 陈述部分主语为everything, 疑问部分主语用it 。选A。
3. have不表示“有”时，疑问部分用助动词do,本句中has 意为“吃”。选D。 4. none 为否定词，所以疑问部分用肯定形式。选A。 5. 陈述部分含有used to do,疑问部分用usedn’t 或 didn’t。选D 6. 陈述部分含有hardly 几乎不”，为否定，疑问部分用肯定。选A。
7. 陈述部分如果是复合句，疑问部分一般和主句一致。此句中的主句为it is, 因此选B。 8. 如主句位于动词为think,expect, suppose imagine, believe 等后接宾语从句，反意疑问句和从句一致。注意本题中宾语从句的否定词not 转移到了主句中，但从句仍为否定含义，故选B。
9. 感叹句的反意疑问句用否定。选B。 如果用普通句子来说，应该是 It is terrible smell, isn’t it?
10. 此处dare 是实意动词。陈述部分用dare作实义动词，疑问部分的谓语动词用do 的适当形式。选C。
11. 当陈述部分是must have done 时， 若强调对过去情况的推测（一般有过去时间状语），疑问部分的谓语动词用“didn’t +主语”；若前句强调动作的完成，疑问部分谓语动词用“haven’t (hasn’t) + 主语 ”。例如：He must have met him yesterday, didn’t he? You must have seen the film, haven’t you? 本句中有明显的时间状语last night, 故选C。
12. wish to do 的反意疑问句用may 的肯定形式。选C。
13. neither nor 连接两个单数的名词主语，它的反意疑问句应用“are/were/have/will +复数主语”构成。选C。
14. You’d rather= You would rather,其反意疑问句用“wouldn’t+主语”构成。选A。 15选C。此题考察含情态动词的句子的反意疑问句。Must have done 表示对过去的肯
定推测，表示 ―肯定已经…‖,反问用一般过去时的否定形式，故选C。
16选C。’d better = had better, 其反问用hadn’t, 故选C。
4. 模拟训练和解析
Unit 1
1. Why is you are so late for class? A. that it B. it be C. it that
D. that
2. “Do you regret paying two dollars for the book?” “No, I twice as much for it.” A. would gladly have paid C. glad paid
B. should glad pay D. had gladly paid
3. By next month they in the country for eight years.
A. will have been B. will be C. are D. have been 4. If you were offered a trip to the moon, it? A. did you accept B. are you going to accept C. will you accept D. would you accept 5. I’m going to have my letters tomorrow. A. type B. typing C. typed 6. I’m considering your offer. A. accept B. accepting C. to accept
D. to be typed
D. accepted
7. If I the exam, he would be astonished. A. did pass B. pass C. were to pass
D. had passed
8. Ten minutes too short a time to finish this test. A. is B. are C. has D. have
9. Sometimes we are asked we think the likely result of an action will be. A. that B whether C. what D. which 10. While watching television, . A. the doorbell rang B. the bell of the door was ringing C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we rang the doorbell 11. I hope you won’t mind you the truth. A. being told B. to be telling C. telling D. my telling
12. I will go home for the vacation as soon as I my exams. A. will finish B. finished C. am finishing D. have finished 13. it is you’ve found, you must give it back to the owner of it.
A. Whichever B. What C. Whatever D. Which
14. He would have played football but he time. A. did not have B. does not have C. would not have D. has no 15. He was becoming fat, bothered him very much. A. that B what C. this
D. which
答案与解析
1. 【答案】C。这道题考的是主语从句。IT 在此做形式主语，我们可以把它还原，it is ____ that ，这样结构就清楚多了。
2. 【答案】A。考点为虚拟语气。说话人当时并没有支付两倍的价钱，所以应该考虑选用与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。主句中用would/should/could+ have done。
3. 【答案】A。从题中我们可以获得信息，next month告诉我们这是将来时态，由此可以排除选项C，D。在这个国家居住是过去发生的事，将在未来结束，所以应选用完成时态。 4. 【答案】D。这道题的考点是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用过去时，主句用would/should/could+动词原型。
5. 【答案】C。这是考察have 的用法，have something done,意思是使某事被完成。这里是指使信件被打印出来。Have someone doing,宾语和do的关系是主动的,意思是让某人做某事。
6. 【答案】B。这里考的是consider的用法，consider doing something 是考虑做某事。 7. 【答案】D。这句话是错综虚拟语气句，从句为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，用had done。主句为与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,用would/should/could+动词原型。
8. 【答案】A。时间，距离等被认为是一个整体的词汇做主语，谓语用单数。 9. 【答案】C。横线后面的句子缺少句子成分---表语，that和 whether都不能在句中担当成分，被排除。which表示选择“哪一个”。
10. 【答案】C。伴随状语的主句和从句主语应该保持一致，看电视应是人发出的动作，主语是人，排除A,B。看电视和D答案中的按门铃不能同时做，所以C听见门铃响为最佳答案。
11. 【答案】D。mind doing something “介意干某事”,同74题。该句意为“我希望你不会介意我告诉你事实的。”动名词前的人称在此结构中应选择形容词性物主代词。 12. 【答案】D。时间状语从句一般只有两种时态：过去时，或现在时，这要视主句的时态而定。本句主句为将来时态，相对应的应选现在完成时。如果主句是过去时，则应该考虑答案B了。
13. 【答案】C。先看前半句，“找到find”缺个宾语，应用what来提问。表示选择用which“哪一个”，这句话的意思是，无论你找到什么，都应该交给失主。用whatever表示强调。Ever这个后缀表示加强语气，如whenever无论何时，whichever无论哪一个。
14. 【答案】A。从前半句可以看出是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，所以填空处应选择相应的过去的某种时态。因为是陈述句，所以用一般过去时。“他本可以去踢足球，但是他没有时间。”
15 【答案】D。考点为定语从句。关系代词为that,who,whom,which,where,when,why，that可以修饰人或物，但是一般不能用在非性定语从句中。which一般只能修饰物体，也可以修饰前面的一整句话。
Unit 2
1. It’s the first time that she has been to the Museum, ? A. isn’t it B. hasn’t it C. isn’t she D. hasn’t she 2. I learnt French easily. , I didn’t like my teacher. A. Therefore B. Anyhow C. Thus 3. Don’t forget to write to me, ? A. do you B. are you C. won’t you
D. However
D. will you
4. Not until Columbus discovered America to Europe. A. bananas were brought B. are bananas brought C. bananas brought D. were bananas brought 5. A number of students absent today. A. were being B. is C. are 6. “Bobby wants to go out and play.”
“ All right, but not without a sweater.” A. to put on
B. put on
C. putting on
D. that he puts on
D. has been
7. “It’s warmer in here now.”
“Yes, I had Karen the window.” A. closed
B. to close
C. closing
D. close
8. Workmen discovered a vase full of Roman coins underneath the floor of an old building.
A. hid B. hiding C. hidden D. hide
9. “Did Dan ask you where to get a bus schedule?” “I suggested the bus station.” A. he called
B. him calling C. him to call D. he calls
10. I was talking to Barbara, I learned that Tony was in hospital. A. Unless B. While C. Since D. Once
11. the weather was going to take a turn for the worse, we decided to stay at home. A. But that B. Seeing that C. As for D. As to 12. The manager, was a very nice man from Milan, made us feel very welcome. A. that B. who C. whom D. which
13. An intelligence test is given to test a person’s ability_____ different kinds of problems. A. solving B. to be solving C. to solve D. to have solved 14. “I had a hard time notes on the lecture.” “So did I. The professor speaks exceedingly fast.” A. to take
B. having taken
C. being taken D. taking
15. “I don’t like coffee very much.” “That’s surprising .” A. Neither I do
B. Neither do I C. I don’t neither
D. Neither don’t I
答案与解析
1. 【答案】A。主从复合句中的反意疑问句应该与主句保持一致，主句的主语为it，谓语动词为is.因为主句是肯定的，所以反意疑问句采用否定形式。
2. 【答案】D。这是考察的连词，需要读懂句子逻辑，我学法语不费劲，然而，我不喜欢我的老师。However表示转折“然而”，A,C表示“因此”，B为“无论如何”。
3. 【答案】D。祈使句的反意疑问句肯定形式用will you
4. 【答案】D。否定词出现在句首，要用倒装形式，首先排除A,C。从前半句可以得知本句时态为过去时，所以选D。
5. 【答案】C。由 a number of修饰的词强调数量之多，谓语用复数。The number of指的是“…..的数量”，谓语用单数。
6. 【答案】C。without是介词，介词后应跟名词，或具有名词性质的词，如动名词。 7. 【答案】D。这是考察have 的用法，have someone doing,宾语和do的关系是主动的,意思是让某人做某事。have something done,意思是使某事被完成。
8. 【答案】C。这句话考察的是过去分词做定语，硬币是被埋藏在地下的，所以应该选用过去分词，hide的过去分词是hidden。
9. 【答案】B。Suggest一词后必须用动名词，且动名词前的人称在此结构中应选择形容词性物主代词。
10. 【答案】B。该句译为“当我和巴巴拉聊天时，我得知托尼住院了。”连接时间状语的词有B。Since意为：既然。once意为：曾经，不能连接时间状语。
11. 【答案】B. B选项为“考虑到”。A选项为“要不是”，意思不对。B选项为“考虑到”，C，D选项为“关于”且介词后不能直接跟句子，应排除。
12. 【答案】B。考点为定语从句。That不能用在非性定语从句中，which不能用来修饰人，whom所修饰的词在句中要做宾语。
13. 【答案】C。这道题考的是ability一词的特殊用法，它要用不定式做定语。因为是一种普遍具有的能力，所以不需要特别强调时态。用一般现在时即可。
14. 【答案】D。have a hard time doing something一段艰难的时光干某事。直接用动名词即可。
15. 【答案】B。Neither放在句首，表示“某人也一样”，要用倒装形式。Neither已经表示否定意义，所以不用don’t。
Unit 3
1. The lower interest rates fall, for larger items such as cars and homes. A. more consumers shop B. there are more consumer shopping C. the more consumers shop D. consumers shop more 2. “Do you like being married?”
“Yes, but I’m not used every night.” A. to cook
B. cooking
C. to cooking D. to have cooked
3. by millions every night, television advertisements are a powerful means of communication.
A. Being seen B. Seeing C. To see D. Seen
4. After University I went on a teacher. A. to become B. becoming C. by becoming 5. “How did Jamie find out about her promotion?” “She by her boss.” A told
B. has told
C. was told
D. was telling
D. having become
6. a major disaster will get us to realize that we can’t go on destroying the rain forests of the world.
A. Anything but B. But that C. Nothing but D. Everything but 7. Fireworks, originated centuries ago in China, were brought to Europe by Marco Polo.
A. which B. what C. that D. it
8. They recommended smaller heating and cooling systems. A. to use B. to be used C. being used D. using 9. I would have written before, but I ill. A. have been B. would been C. had been
D. were
10. Don’t come today. I would rather you tomorrow. A. come B came C. to come D. coming 11. “The weather seems very dry here.” “Seldom in this area.” A. it rains
B. does it rain C. rains it
D. it does rain
12. “Why are you getting new glasses?”
“Because it’s difficult the small print in the newspaper.” A. to read for me
B. my reading C. I read
D. for me to read
13. If one does not have respect for himself, can not expect others to respect him. A. one B. you C. they D. we 14. If you careful with electricity, you might get a shock. A. don’t B. wouldn’t C. won’t D. aren’t 15. Everything seems all right, ? A. doesn’t it B. wasn’t it
C. don’t they D. hasn’t it
答案与解析
1. 【答案】C。这句话考的是并列结构，the +形容词比较级＋名词，后面的句子应该与之相对应。
2. 【答案】C。be used to do something 被用来干某事be used to doing something习惯干某事used to doing something过去常常干某事
3. 【答案】D。电视和观看的关系应该是被动的，所以应选择过去分词表示被动，排除B,C. A选项 Being seen 有强调正在进行的意味，在此并无必要。 4. 【答案】A。go on to do something继续干某事（与前面并不相同）， go on doing something继续干某事（与前面相同）
5. 【答案】C。这句话考的是被动语态，基本形式为be+done.
6. 【答案】C。Nothing but“只有”，but相当于except。But that “要不是”
7. 【答案】A。考点为定语从句。关系代词为that, who, whom, which, where, when, why，that可以修饰人或物，但是一般不能用在非性定语从句中。which一般只能修饰物体，也可以修饰前面的一整句话，可以用在非性定语从句中。
8. 【答案】D。这里考的是recommend的用法，recommend doing something 是建议做某事。类似的词还有:mind; can’t help; risk; suggest; continue等。
9. 【答案】A。考点为虚拟语气。与过去事实相反的虚拟语气从句用过去完成时，主句用would/should/could + have done。But后面为过去的真实情况的陈述，所以用A，当时生病，现在还没有恢复。句中因为没有明显的时间对照，所以选择过去完成时C had been不是非常合适。
10. 【答案】B。考点为虚拟语气。would rather句中虚拟语气的时态为一般过去时。 11. 【答案】B。否定词放在句首要用倒装形式。
12. 【答案】D。固定搭配it’s difficult for someone to do something.对某人来说，干某事不容易。
13. 【答案】A。与前句保持一致。
14. 【答案】D。careful是形容词，前面应该有系动词来引出。
15. 【答案】A。Everything相应的代词应是单数it，前半句为一般现在时的肯定形式，反意疑问句应该用一般现在时的否定形式。
Unit 4
1. Barely asleep when her father awakened her. A. did she fall B. she had fallen C. had she fallen D. she fell 2. The United States a population of over 200 millions. A. have had B. is having C. have D. has 3. Nowadays, children often prefer TV to reading. A. watching B. to watch C. being watched D. watch 4. Are you looking forward on your vacation? A. you go B. going C. to going
D. to go
5. He looks as if he nothing about the news. A. would know B. would have known C. knew D. should know
6. Many cities in the southern part of the United States have difficulty traffic flowing when it snows.
A kept B keeping C. to keep D. in being kept 7. we all know, it is impossible to speak or write English or any other language without using the verb.
A. For B. Since C. As D. Which
8. We are late. I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema. A. will already have started B. would already have started C. will have already started D. has already been started 9. Allen’s doctor insists for a few days.
A. that he is resting B. his resting C. him to rest D. that he rest
10. There wasn’t much snow last winter so people couldn’t go except in the mountains.
A. skiing B. to ski C. skied D. having skied
11. I suppose you couldn’t let me borrow your car this evening, ? A. couldn’t I B. could you C. don’t I D. will you 12. I chose a small room with the window the street. A. faces B. facing C. faced D. to face 13. “It’s too bad Rhonda is moving to Arizona.” “I wish it so far away.” A. weren’t
B. couldn’t be C. won’t be
D. isn’t
14. I don’t like are the long, dark nights of winter. A. That B. What C. Which D. This
15. We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, is completely waterproof. A. no of which B. some of that C. none of which D neither of which
答案与解析
1. 【答案】C。以barely开头要使用倒装语句，因awaken是过去式，在这之前发生的应是过去完成时。
2. 【答案】D。美国有两亿人，这属于实际情况，用一般现在时，并且是第三人称单数。 3. 【答案】A。Prefer sth to sth 比起某事（to后面的）更喜欢做某事（to前面的），ing是动名词形式。
4. 【答案】C。look forward to doing：固定搭配。
5. 【答案】C。As if：好像是，其实不是。本句的意思是他看起来好像不知道这个消息（实际上知道），与现在的事实相反as if 后的动词用过去式。如果look是过去式那么表示与过去的事实不符，as if 后的动词用过去完成时态。
6. 【答案】B。Have difficulty (in) doing sth，in可以省略，所以A，C不对，这里是说下雪时人们很难保持交通通畅，是主动而不是被动，所以选B。
7. 【答案】C。as we (all) know：据我们所知, 固定用法。
8. 【答案】C。将来完成时，表示从现在到将来某时为止的种种关系。我们迟到了，我预计在我们到达电影院时电影已经开始了。shall / will have done，一般already放在have后面或整个句子末尾。
9. 【答案】D。Insist on doing / one’s doing ; insist that sb (should) do 10. 【答案】A。go skiing：滑雪，固定搭配。
11. 【答案】B。反问句。前面是否定形式后面要用肯定形式，前面是肯定形式后面要用否定形式。
12. 【答案】B。这里with表伴随状态，要用动词的分词形式，因此facing合适，我选择了一间窗户面向街道的房间，而faced是被动，不合题意。
13. 【答案】A。Wish后应该用过去时态，且当wish后面是与事实相反的结论，严格来讲要用were而不是was。
14. 【答案】B。What 引导从句，在从句中做宾语。
15. 【答案】C。我们已经测试了三百种靴子了，没有一种是完全防水的。这里空格后是is，单数形式，前面要用否定形式，no of which 是错误的，neither是两者选一，只有C正确。
Unit 5
1. Every man, woman, and child love and understanding. A. need B. are needed C. is needed D. needs
2. It’s important to me that you there. A. are B. be C. were
D. will be
3. Professor Smith is said another important discovery in chemistry. A. to make B. to have made C. having being made D. having made
4. I regret the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully. A. having been left B. having left C. to leave D. to have left 5. The receptionist, job was to answer the phone, had laryngitis（喉炎）. A. whose
B. who
C. who’s
D. that
6. With apples at 25 cents a pound, we couldn’t resist four pounds. A. to take B. took C. taking D. have taken 7. Tom’s father, as well as his mother, in New York for a few days more. A. asks him to stay B. asks he stays C. ask he to stay
D. asks he would stay
8. If we had known that she had planned to go abroad today, we at the airport. A. will see her off B. would see her off C. would have seen her off D. must have seen her off 9. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, obtaining water is not the least.
A. of which B for what C. as D. whose
10. nobody was very enthusiastic about it, they decided to cancel the trip. A. Seen that B. Seeing that C. to see D. When 11. A liar cannot make himself . A. believe B. to believe 12. “Does Jane want to see that movie?” “Yes, but she says go tonight.” A. she’ll rather not C. she’d not rather
B. she’d rather not D. she won’t rather
C. believing D. believed
13. The officer gave an order that everyone back before dark. A. get B. would get C. had to get D. must get 14. With flowers and trees everywhere the city took on a new look. A. to be planted B. planting C. being planted D. planted 15. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before . A. fully accepted B. having fully accepted C. fully accepting D. being fully accepted
答案与解析
1. 【答案】D。每一个男人，女人，孩子，这里强调的是单数。 2. 【答案】B。强调句，it is important that sb (should) do。
3. 【答案】B。Be said to do。这里另一个重要的发现是已经发生了，所以用现在完成时。
4. 【答案】B。Regret doing：后悔做某事，这里用完成时表示已经发生了的事情。Regret to do：很抱歉不能怎么怎么样。
5. 【答案】A。那个接待员，他的工作是接听电话，得了喉炎。 6. 【答案】C。Resist doing sth. 抵制，忍得住。
7. 【答案】A。要根据As well as 前面的主语确定动词形式，而且ask后面要用宾格，ask sb to do.要求某人做某事。
8. 【答案】C。与过去事实相反的假设，用法如下：if sb had done… sb would have done… 9. 【答案】A。原句应是：obtaining water is not the least of those problems,这里用which指代problems，并提前，要连同of一起提前。
10. 【答案】B。nobody was very enthusiastic about it 前要用that 引领，这里是主动形式。
11. 【答案】D。一个说谎者很难使自己被相信。Make的用法：宾语后常接不带to的不定式，但被动语态时to 不能省略，如：She was made to leave the room.
12. 【答案】B。Had rather do sth/ not do sth. 13. 【答案】A。An order that sb (should) do.
14. 【答案】D。分词作伴随状语，这里是被动语态。Being planted 是现在进行时，与后面的时态不符。
15. 【答案】D。被动语态。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容
Copyright © 2019- haog.cn 版权所有 赣ICP备2024042798号-2
违法及侵权请联系：TEL:199 1889 7713 E-MAIL:2724546146@qq.com
本站由北京市万商天勤律师事务所王兴未律师提供法律服务