美国法院英文介绍

　　The Supreme Court is comprised of nine justices who are appointed to the bench for life, or until voluntary retirement.They are appointed by the President and must be confirmed by the U.S. Senate.　　A Case's Path to the Supreme Court

　　While the Supreme Court may choose to hear cases directly, it most often selects cases that have been decided in lowercourts. Participants in cases decided in lower courts can appeal to their state's highest or Supreme Court. If all state venuesare exhausted, litigants may appeal to the United States Supreme Court, the highest court in this country. Some cases maybegin in federal courts at the start3 , and these can also end up here.

　　The nine justices choose which cases to take from those submitted to the Supreme Court. They can refuse to consider acase, accept a case for oral argument, or decide the case summarily without a hearing4. Each of these routes has an effecton the law. the decision not to hear a case allows a lower court's ruling to stand as precedent, or guiding law for other states.The court often decides that a case should be heard in circumstances in which two or more lower courts have decided

differently. This \"split\" in the opinions of lower courts is common in highly charged issues. In this circumstance, the court actsas final arbiter on a difficult issue.

　　The Final Decision —— The Majority Rules

　　The Supreme Court cases that are heard for oral argument are decided by a majority of the justices accepting one theoryor opinion of the elements of the case. Basically, the side with most votes wins; that's why most cases have numbers like 7: 2or 5: 4 that let us know how many judges voted for or against a particular case8. When there is no clear majority, the resultingdecision is called a plurality opinion. It is the interpretation that receives more votes than any other opinion.

　　One justice usually writes the opinion for the majority, while others may write dissenting opinions collectively or on theirown. Justices who sign on to either the majority or minority opinion may also add their own opinions, singularly andcollectively, that augment the group opinion.　　The 9 Justices

　　Today's Court is made up of justices nominated to the bench by Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, RonaldReagan, George Bush and Bill Clinton. The youngest justice is 54; the oldest, 82. The current Court is closely dividedbetween \"conservative\" and \"liberal\" elements.　　译⽂

　　法院由九名⼤法官组成，他们都是终⾝任职制，除⾮他们⾃愿退休。他们由美国总统任命，并经美国参议院批准。　　法院审理案件

　　法院可以直接选择审理案件，但是它经常会选择审理初级法院曾经审理过的案件。初级法院审理案件的当事⼈可以向州法院或者法院提起上诉。如果州的司法途径被⽤尽，诉讼当事⼈可以将案件上诉到美国的法院。⼀些案件的初审可能会在联邦法院，它们同时也可以在联邦级法院进⾏终审。

　　九名法官会从上诉到法院的案件中有选择地进⾏审理。他们可以拒绝审理⼀个案件，可以受理案件并进⾏⼝头辩论，还可以不经过听证粗略地对案件进⾏裁决。所有这些都会对法律产⽣影响：不经法院审理的案件的判决可以使初级法院的裁决成为先例，或者指导其他州的法律的执⾏。法院经常裁定，只有同⼀案件在两个或者更多的初级法院作出不同裁定的时候，才应该对这⼀案件召开听证会。在许多引起强烈争论的问题上，许多初级法院意见相左。在这种情况下，法院就这些难以处理的问题作最后的裁决。

　　终审判决——多数原则

　　法院受理的案件经⼝头辩论，由接受⼀种理论或者案件要素的法官的多数来决定。基本上，得到多数票的⼀⽅赢得诉讼；这就是为什么许多案件的判决结果会写明7：2或5：4，因为这样我们可以知道多少法官同意或者反对该案件的判决结果。当没有绝对半数通过时，判决结果称之为多数意见。它只是⼀个⽐其他意见赢得更多票数的解释。

　　⼀名法官通常会代替⼤多数法官撰写意见，其他⼈则共同地或单独地撰写不同意见。持多数派意见和持少数派意见的法官们都可以在判决书中加上他们⾃⼰的意见。　　九名法官

　　现在法院的法官是由⾥查德·尼克松、杰拉尔德·福特、罗纳尔德·⾥根、乔治·布什和⽐尔·克林顿总统们任命的。最年轻的法官是53岁，最年长的法官是81岁。⽬前法院的法官明显分成保守派和⾃由派。