状语的功效：状语解释地点.时光.原因.目标.成果.前提.偏向.程度.方法和陪同状况等.
状语一般由副词.介词短语.分词和分词短语.不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当.其地位一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中.
副词是一种用来润饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,解释时光,地点,程度,方法等概念. 句子中做状语．
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得异常好.中的very是程度副词,用来润饰well.very well是润饰speak的程度状语. He is playing under the tree.他在树下玩儿.中的under the tree是地点状语.
2. 不定式在句子中可以作目标状语.
I come specially to see you.我专门来看你. 3.介词短语
Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery. 状语
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 5.分词作状语
Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another. 6.词组作状语
She jumped ten feet. 她跳了十英尺远. 二.表语
在情势上,位于系动词后的就是表语.从寄义上讲,表语是答复主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分.等于指“是”字句“是”字后面的成分.表语就是起表述感化的句子成分.它润饰的是主语.表语是用来解释主语的身份.性质.品性.特点和状况的.表语须和连络动词一路组成句子的复合谓语.表语常由名词.形容词.副词.介词短语.不定式.动词的-ing.从句来充当,它常位于连络动词（be, become, appear, seem等）之后. 物理学家. 三.宾语
宾语,又称受词,是指一个动作（动词）的接收者.宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类,个中直接宾语指动作的直接对象,间接宾语解释动作的非直接,但受动作影响的对象.一般而言,及物动词后面起码要有一个宾语,而该宾语平日为直接宾语,有些及物动词请求两个宾语,则这两个宾语平日一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语. 用法
Show me（间接宾语）your tickets（直接宾语）,please. 宾语一般用在及物动词的后面,暗示行动动 词所涉及的对象. 一. 名词作宾语
Show your passport, please. 请出示护照. 二. 代词作宾语
She didn't say anything. 她什么也没说. 三. 数词作宾语
How many do you want? — I want two. 你要几个？－ 我要两个.
四. 名词化的形容词作宾语
They sent the injured to hospital. 他们把伤员送到病院. 五. 不定式或ing情势作宾语
They asked to see my passport. 他们请求看我的护照. I enjoy working with you. 我和你们一道工作很高兴. 六. 从句作宾语
Did you write down what he said? 你把他的话写下了没有？ 四.补语
英语补语的感化对象是主语和宾语,具有光鲜的定语性描述或限制性功效,在句法上是不成或缺的.补语是起填补解释感化的成份.最罕有的是宾语补足语.名词.动名词.形容词.副词.不定式.如今分词.曩昔分词都可以在句子中作宾补.
补语是述补构造中填补解释述语的成果.程度.趋势.可能.状况.数目等的成分.补语与述语之间是填补与被填补.解释与被解释的关系.
比方说,beat him dead ,把他打逝世,dead在这句话里就是充当补语成分,填补解释打的成果或者说打的程度是—— 逝世了,别的进修英语的时刻别逝世扣语法,多读多背,有语感之后你就能慢慢分辩出它是什么成分了,,再举个例子 kiss me again再亲我一下, again是暗示数目的补语！
一.主语的补语：它用在系动词后,是句子的一个根本成分.经常应用主－系－表构造.
1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一路,至少,至少我以为是她.（her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语）
2.. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？ -- Me. --我. （me做主语补语= It's me.）
3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. （she做主语补语）
约翰愿望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她. 二.宾语的补语 1.不定式(to do)
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍.
We believe him to be guilty. 我们信任他是有罪的. We made him copy the sentence. He is made to copy the sentence. I felt my hands tremble. 2.名词
At the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy. 3.形容词
What you said made Xiao Wang angry. I found the classroom empty 4.副词
Please call the students back at once. He was seen to take his cap off. 5.如今分词
We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.曩昔分词
He saw his face reflected in the water. I heard it spoken of in the next room. 五.定语
定语是用来润饰.限制.解释名词或代词的品德与特点的. 重要有形容词此外还著名词.代词.数词.介词短语.动词不定式（短语）.
分词.定语从句或相当于形容词的词.短语或句子都可以作定语. 汉语中经常应用‘……的’暗示.定语和中间语之间是润饰和被润饰.限制和被限制的关系.在汉语中,中间语与定语二者之间有的须要用构造助词“的”,有的不须要,有的可要可不要. “的”是定语的标记. 介词短语作定语
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.（in the classroom 润饰名词boy;of yours润饰名词pen）/教室里的男孩须要你的一支钢笔.
The boy in blue is Tom.（in blue润饰名词boy）/穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆.
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.（two,three,of 9和of10润饰名词boy）/有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩. 名词作定语
The boy needs a ball pen.（ball润饰名词pen）/男孩须要一支圆珠笔.
It is a ball pen.（ball润饰名词pen）/这是一支圆珠笔. There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.（the pencil box润饰名词ball pen ）/这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔. 副词作定语
The boy there needs a pen.（there润饰名词boy）/那儿的男孩须要一支钢笔.
The best boy here is Tom.（here润饰名词boy）/这里最棒的男孩是Tom. 不定式作定语
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（ to write this letter 润饰名词boy）/写这封信的男孩须要一支钢笔.
The boy to write this letter is Tom.（to write this letter 润饰名词boy）/将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆.
There is nothing to do today.（to do 润饰名词nothing）/今天没有事要做. 分词（短语）作定语
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（ smiling 润饰名词boy;bought by his mother润饰名词pen）/谁人微笑的男孩须要一支他妈妈买的钢笔.
The pen bought by her is made in China.（bought by her 润饰名词pen;bought by her 润饰名词pen）/她买的笔是中国产的.
There are five boys left.（five润饰名词boy;left润饰名词boy）/有五个留下的男孩.
六.主语
主语是履行句子的行动或动作的主体,如“我写字”中的“我”,就是主语,它做出“写”这个动作.“写”则是谓语,而“字”是接收谓语“写”这个动作的对象,它是以被称为宾语,有的语法书也称它为“客体”或“受体”.主语可以这些列词类或情势来担任：名词,代词,名词化了的动词,形容词,分词,副词或数词等,动词不定式或不定式短语,从句,某些固定词组的第二格.
作主语的词：名词,代词,名词化了的动词,形容词,分词,副词或数词等,动词不定式或不定式短语, 从句,某些固定词组的第二格. 1. 名词作主语
直到河里的鱼逝世了,村平易近们才意识到污染的伤害.The villagers didn't realize how serious the pollution was until the fish in the river died. S+ V t +O. 主系表构造 :S+V
倒装：Not until the fish in the river died did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
留意：倒装在主句,从句不倒装 /did 和not 提前,只剩动词本相 强调：It was not until the fish died in the river that the villagers realized how serious the pollution was. 假如强调的是主语或宾语且指人用who,其他一律用that.是that,而非其他/主句的次序（（倒装不强调,强调就不倒装））
人称代词（主格）,名词性代词,指导代词,不定代词,such（----样的人.物）,it（时光,气象,距离等）
at midnight /in the(泛指）middle of the night It is 9 o'clock when I went home. It was ten when I got home.一般句 It was at ten that I got home.强调句 I got home at ten.本相
注释：作主语在句首/it作主语组成（经常应用 v-ing,不经常应用只有 use,good）
It is +adj. +of sb.(人的属性）/for sb.（物的属性）to do It is necessary to finish the design before National day. Tomorrow is National day. it is +n.+for/of sb. to do
It is not good manners for Arabs to stand close talking to their friends.
It is a great honor for us to be invited to the party. 在感慨句中必须用it作情势主语：What a joy/ pleasure (it is) to read the book.
在问句中必须用情势主语：Is it possible to go to the moon by spaceship?
Ten out of 100 Americans are over /above /more than 65. 一般 / 完成时
v-ing: 自动/doing/having done
not doing:自动/being done/having done
留意：doing 无时光限制/与谓语同时消失/在谓语动词后产生having done产生在谓语之前
He still remembers being prized. 当逻辑主语为无性命的器械时
a.作主语时,平日暗示一般性的无时光性的器械.而不定式暗示某一种具体的动作.
Smoking is hobbit difficult to break. 表语一致
Seeing is believing. c.逻辑主语必须是所有格情势 Smoking kills.
d. it 作情势主语：It is no use/good-----
The old man's taking pity on the snake leads to his death.谁人老头恻隐那条蛇,导致他的逝世亡. To +动词本相
Not to do 解释：具有动词的性质,作宾语,状语/具著名词的性质,作主语/具有形容词性质,作定语/具有副词的性质,作状语.除谓语不成作之外,其他都可. 一般式：to do 进行时：to be doing
完成时：to have done
完成进行时：to have been doing
to do:暗示动作产生在谓语之后,I want to go home.与谓语动词几乎同时产生
to be doing :暗示与谓语动词同时产生
to have done:产生在谓语动词之前 Someone was considered to have done something.
to have been doing :动作从曩昔开端一向中断到谓语动词这个动作的产生
不定式暗示一种肯定的动作
To do morning exercises this morning is not good for your healthy.
the poor / the disabled /the sick
From my home to school is three kilometers. 副词----不定式或动名词
What an excitement to find a shark when you’re swimming in the sea.
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