考研英语二翻译模拟
1 What Is a Decision?
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
决策是一种选择,来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤.作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的.作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现.
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, and indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.
因此,作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要.管理者所做的每件事几乎都与决策有关,事实上,有些人认为管理过程就是作决策.尽管管理者不能预测未来,但他们所作的许多决策
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都要求他们考虑将来可能发生的事情.通常情况下,管理者必须对未来情况作出最佳估测,并且努力要使偶然事件尽可能少地发生,但是,由于不确定的因素一直存在,所以,决策总是与风险为伴.有时候,拙劣决策的后果并不严重,但在另外一些时候则是非常严重了.
Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.
选择是指从多个可能性中挑选的机会.如果没有选择,就毋须作决策.作决策就是挑选的过程,许多决策的选择X围很广.例如,一个学生为了获得学位,他可能会从许多不同的课程中选择从而作出决策.对管理者来说,每项决策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、惯例等等因素的制约,这些制约存在于各个层次的机构中.
2 Black Holes
What is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space 2 / 28 . 黑洞是什么？这个问题很难回答,因为我们通常用来描述某一科学现象的术语不足以回答这个问题.天文学家和科学家都认为黑洞是一个太空区域〔不是一种事物〕,落人其中的任何物质都无法逃逸——甚至包括光.所以我们看不见黑洞.一个黑洞能产生强大的吸力,但它却没有物质.它只是空间——或许是我们这么想的.这种现象是怎样发生的呢？ The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova〔超新星〕occurs. From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. Supernovawere reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star — a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large 从理论论来说,当某些恒星的密度增大到某种程度时就会发生爆炸,爆炸使它们崩溃,有时会产生超新星.从地球上看,一颗超新星看上去像是天空中的一盏明灯,甚至在白天也闪闪发光.超新星是由十七、十八世纪的天文学家发现的.有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星.一颗超新星的崩溃可能会产生白矮星或中子星,其物资的密度非常大以至于在其自身重力的 3 / 28 . 作用下持续收缩.但是,假如这颗恒星非常大〔比我们的太阳大得多〕,那么,这种收缩的过程可能会非常强烈,其结果导致了黑洞的产生.想像一下地球收缩小到有弹球那么大,但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸力,你就会对黑洞的力量有某种概念.靠近黑洞的任何物质都会被吸入,根本说不出黑洞里究竟发生了什么、科学家把黑洞的边缘区域称为\"事界〞.对物质通过这个界线时发生的情况我们一无所知.从理论上来说,黑洞里面物质的表现一定是不大相同的. 3 Euthanasia: For and Against The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guideline s demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia . In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department. 尽管安乐死在荷兰并未合法化,但荷兰仍然是欧洲惟一允许安乐死的国家.两年前在荷兰议会制定的严格标准下实施安乐死的医生通常不会被起诉.这此指导原则要求：病人正在经受极度的痛苦；没有治愈的机会；病人一再提出安乐死的请求.除此之外,还需有另外一位医生确认是否已达到安乐死的标准,而且,必须向警方提出死亡报告. Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question: \"Well, it's not as 4 / 28 . if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much. That's a very different thing.\" 是不是应该允许医生结束病人的生命呢？齐思．X．万尔德的医生威尔费雷德．X．奥仁博上解释了对这个问题的看法： \"情况并不像我计划用机关枪屠杀一大群人似的,倘若那样,屠杀是我所能想像到的最坏的事情,这与我的医生职业风马牛不相与.我关怀病人并努力使他们不至于遭受太多的痛苦.这完全是两码事.〞 Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that \"in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family — there's nearly always another question behind the question.\" 然而,许多人完全反对安乐死.反对安乐死保健组织主席安德鲁．福格森博士说：\"在大量安乐死的病例中,病人实际所要求的是别的东西.他们或许是想要保健专业人员为他们打开与亲人或家人开展思想交流的渠道—－可能请求之后另有他求〞. 4 Slavery on Our Doorstep There are estimate d to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain . Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics>. Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain. 据统计,在美国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人〔由于处理该项事务的政府部门————内政部——没有做过统计,精确数字不得而知〕.通常,他们是由外国商人、外交官员和归国英侨带来的.根据设在伦敦的帮助在伦敦工作的外籍家庭佣人的政治组织说,在两万多外籍家庭佣人中几乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剥削和虐待. The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment . They can be physically , sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or \"escaping\" virtually impossible. 虐待有几种形式〔家庭佣人常常不允许外出,又得不到任何报酬.他们在身体上、性和心理上遭受凌辱.他们还会被收去护照,使得出走或\"逃跑〞根本不可能. The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicise d cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarter s that her guilt had not been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid 6 / 28 . working in London: 今年年初,几个透明度颇高的案例中有关世界各地的家庭女佣的悲惨状况受到新闻媒体的关注.其中一个案例是讲一位菲律宾女佣因被指控犯有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死,尽管有来自各地的抗议认为她的罪名不足以成立.诸如\"反对奴隶制国际组织〞之类的团体说,一些不那么戏剧化的其他案例也应同样受到人们的关注,比如莉迪亚．加西亚,一位在伦敦工作的菲律宾女佣的案例. 5 Music The new music was built out of materials already in existence: blues, rock'n'roll, folk music. But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older element s — more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize. The transformation took place in 1966- 1967. Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium . Rock'n'roll, a blues derivative, was rhythmic dance music. Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness. Blues expressed black soul; rock was the beat of youthful energy; and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope. 新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯,摇滚乐,民间音乐中产生的.虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式,但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的成分中脱颖而出的——它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性.这个变革发生在1966-1967年间.那个时候以前,布鲁斯基本上一直 7 / 28 . 是黑人的音乐表达方式.由它衍生出的摇滚乐是节奏性很强的舞蹈音乐.而民间音乐,既有古老又有现代的,在大学生中颇为流行.这三种音乐形式在音乐和文化方而都各不相同,甚至直到1965年,它们中任何一个都没有表达任何全新的意识境界.布鲁斯表现黑人的心灵,摇滚是年轻活力的节拍,民乐除表现爱情与希望外,还表现反战情绪. In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation. In the United States, it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco. In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this. First the separate musical traditions were brought together. Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock, folk ideas with a rock beat White rock groups began experimenting with the blues. Of course, white musicians had always played the blues, but essentially as imitators of the Negro style; now it began to be the white band s' own music. And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synthesis. They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. 自发的变革出现在1966年到1967年间.在美国,旧金山的年轻摇滚乐队发起了这场变革；在英国,被公认是极其完美和非常独特的披头士摇滚乐队领导了这股新潮流.所发生的情况,如用言词尽可能地表达出来是这样的：首先,分离的音乐传统被结合起来了.鲍伯．狄伦和杰弗逊飞机队演奏民歌摇滚乐,将民歌思想与摇滚节奏结合在一起.白人摇滚乐队开始尝试演奏布鲁斯.当然,白人音乐家虽然已经一直在演奏布鲁斯,但基本上只是模仿黑人音乐的风格.而现在,它开始变成白人乐队自己的音乐了.所有的乐队都朝着更广泛的折衷主义和结 8 / 28 . 合主义的方向前进.他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分,而随着时间的推移,他们甚至对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄,最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的、几乎有无穷表现力的新音乐. 6 Improving Industrial Efficiency through Robotics Robots, becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention. 机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业生产部门日益普遍得到应用；机器人通过编制程序和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产任务. Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames. 目前多数机器人用于汽车工业,它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作.机器人还可以用来装卸用于铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械中的炽热、笨重的金属铸模. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches. 9 / 28 . The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this net industry. 除了已在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外,机器人也开始出现在别的工业部门,虽然应用的程度低一些.在那里机器人制造电机、小型器具、袖珍计算机甚至手表等.在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材料,避免人员接触放射性物质.这样的机器人在这一新工业中用来减少职业性伤害. What makes a Robot a Robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next. Automatic machines, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses; they are built to perform only one task. 是什么东西决定一个自控装置是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢？机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后,可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务.例如,做电焊工作1个月后,可以重新编制程序而转成下个月做喷漆工作.反之,自动化机器不能有多种不同的用途,它只是被制造成执行一项任务. 7 Leisure and Leadership Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they 10 / 28 . can do in their leisure time. The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of service for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increase concern. 观察与研究成果表明,生活在先进的工业化社会的人们越来越关心休闲的机会和休闲中他们能干些什么.人们赋予带薪休假的重要性和大众娱乐服务的快速发展是日益关注这一问题的标志. The term \"quality of life\" is difficult to define. It covers a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree I which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction. to the individual. 生活质量这一术语不易定义,它包括X围很广,如生活环境、健康、就业、饮食、家庭生活、朋友、教育、物质的占有、休闲与娱乐等等.一般来说,生活质量,特别在个人看来,其意义是由这些不同的生活领域可以供个人享受或者可以使个人满意的程度来衡量的. As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one's job and one's life-style. Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal 11 / 28 . development 休闲作为空闲时进行的自己认为适当的活动,具有下列功能：放松、娱乐、个人发展.这些功能的重要性随着个人工作性质与生活方式的不同而变化,所以在工作中需要付出很多精力的人,更渴望休闲时放松,而受过良好教育、从事专业工作的人可能更趋向于休闲时寻求娱乐和个人发展,如掌握技巧,培养爱好. 8 Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time . But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is. and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful. 喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题.但你是否就这样忍受着？如果你能了解喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事以与注意饮食怎样把它的不良作用减少到最小,你坐飞机的紧X程度就会轻些. The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone. It is due lo changes in the body's physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment. 乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安.时差综合症不是对不同时区进行调整的心理后果.它是身体的生理调节机制,特别是激素系统,在不同环境中发生变化所引起的. 12 / 28 . Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of Stale, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam. He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag. 是不是被弄糊涂啦？美国国务卿约翰．福斯特．杜勒斯从美国飞往埃与谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了.他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症. The effects can be used to advantage, too. President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged. Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America. 但是乘飞机旅行对身体的影响也可使之对人有利.约翰逊总统曾在关岛主持一次重要会议,整个会议按华盛顿时间进行.白宫的工作人员个个精力充沛,而当地人在这种情况下却得了时差综合症.从本质上说,他们瞬间一下子被运到了美国. 9 Aging in European Countries If \"revolution\" is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50. Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. These facts and circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world 13 / 28 . gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France. 如果\"革命〞是对社会结构的迅速重建,如果社会的年龄构成被看作是社会结构的一个非常重要的方面,那么在欧洲尤其是在西欧社会里,每个超过50岁的人一生中就已经历过一次社会革命了.综合起来,这些事情牵连出的结果刚开始被人们认识.这些事实和情况今年早些时候在法国维希举行的一个世界大会上被视为对科学和政策的挑战而置于显著地位. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old. But this is what elementary demography makes clear. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it. 这种观点常遇到反对意见,即正因为西欧和西北欧出生率比别的地区下降得早,而不是因为死亡率方面的任何变化,所以我们的社会才变得如此老龄但初级人口统计学已经把这个问题解释清楚了.当然长寿正改变我们的社会,但这是根据经验而来的说法.我们比以前任何一个社会更经历着长寿,这种情况还将继续下去.但过度的长寿,即便是在富裕的西方,也会遭受贫穷和忽视,除非我们采取一些办法. If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are 14 / 28 . now , of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman. Expectation of life is a slippery figure, very easy to get wrong at the highest ages. At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards. 如果你现在30多岁,你应当知道你可以期望活到60岁后再活上剩余生命的三分之一.当然,你现在年龄越大,这种比例就越高,如果你是女人,这比例还应该更高.人生的估计寿命是一个飘忽不定的数字,年龄越大越容易有误差.在维希,人口学家们互相转告,他们对一些地方人口情况的估计,如英格兰和威尔上将有多少老年人,这些老人的寿命如何,注定要进行修改,因为这些数字一直呈上升趋势. 10 The Campaign for Election The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee. A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them. 11月大选的获胜者几乎可以肯定不是##党就是##党提名的候选人.小党派或独立的候选人,如1968年的乔治．华莱十、1980年的约翰．安德森,或者1992年和1996年的罗斯．佩罗等,可能会从大党的提名人那里拉走一此选票,但几乎没有人可能战胜他们. A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party 15 / 28 . faithful. Earlier in the twentieth century, this support was so firm and steady that the victory of the stronger party’s candidate was almost a certainty. Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans. Party loyalty has declined in recent decades, but more than two-thirds of the nation’s voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their party’s presidential candidate. Even Democrat George McGovern, who had the lowest level of party support among recent nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party’s voters. 大党提名人具有得到党的忠实信徒支持这一关键的优势．在20世纪早期,这种支持是如此的坚固和稳定以至于强大党派候选人的胜利几乎是不容置疑的.沃伦．G．哈定在他的俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年##党的提名,而且竞选期间他多数时间是呆在家里.他最终大获全胜仅仅是因为那个时期多数选民是##党成员.近几十年人们对党的忠诚有所减弱,但是这个国家三分之二以上的选民仍自我归属为##党人或##党人,并且他们当中的大多数会支持自己党派的总统候选人.甚至于##党的乔治．麦戈文,他在近期的提名人中所得到的党派支持是最低的,也于1972年时获得了他的党将近团％的选民的支持. Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate’s personal characteristics. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s. A year later, with the nation’s economy in trouble. Bush’s approval rating dropped below 40 percent. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but 16 / 28 . voters remained concerned about the economy. 候选人都想尽力突出表现一种强有力的领导者的形象.然而选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征.1991年海湾战争以后,布什的支持率达到91%,这是自20世纪30年代开始民意测验以来的最高记录.一年以后,随着国家经济陷入困境,布什的支持率则下降到40%以下.布什试图重振其战争期间强有力的领导者的形象,但是选民们始终一直关心经济. The candidates’ strategies are shaped by many considerations, including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress. Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation. Altogether, there are 538 electoral votes 候选人的战略的形成要考虑到许多因素,包括宪法的这一条款：每个州拥有的选票必须与其在国会中的代表人数相等.于是每个州便有两票选举参议院的代表并根据各州在众议院的代表数,有不同数量的选票.选票总数为538X〔包括哥伦比亚特区的3X选票,尽管在国会中它没有投票代表〕要赢得总统席位,候选人必须至少获得270票,即选票的大多数. 11 Sacrificed to Science ? There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary. The International 17 / 28 . Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer. Their spokesman Colin Smith says: Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work. We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so. 有些人认为用动物进行试验根本没有必要,反对用动物进行痛苦实验国际协会是一个提倡使用替代的研究方法,使动物免受痛苦的组织、他们的发言人科林．史密斯说,用动物进行研究与我们的健康无关.它常常能产生令人误导的结果.人和动物对药物的反应不同,身体作用的方式也不同,我们只要看一下几起医疗错误便会明白情况就是这样. But Professor Blackmore stresses: It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals. The famous example of thalidomide〔萨立多胺〕 is a case for more animals testing, not less. The birth defects 18 / 28 . 更多而不是更少.这种药物造成的婴儿先天性缺损就是实验不够的结果.如果萨立多胺是今天发明的,它就决不会用在人身上,因为对怀孕的动物的新试验将会发现这种危险. Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME. This is the fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. It recognizes that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction. Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments. In 1981. it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing. Increasingly, new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing. Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals. Data from previous animal experiments is used lo develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance. The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments. 另一个组织,英文简称叫FRAME,其全称的意思是替代动物药物实验基金会.该组织正在开展替代方法的研究,这个组织承认有很多实验仍然不得不在动物身上进行,但它正致力于减少、改进和代替对动物的实验.1981年时,这个组织确定了一个研究项目来改进非动物试验和扩大非动物试验的X围.新的技术使我们日益容易找到替代的试验方法.可用计算机模型来模拟细胞的活动方式和预报化学药品的毒性.可用从以前的动物实验获取的数据来建立一个计算机模型,这个模型能够预报如果将某一生物效果不明的化学药品添加到另一种物质上将会出现什么情况.计算机模拟的最终目的是减少用作实验对象的动物的数量. 12 Let Your Mind Wander 19 / 28 . Until recently daydreaming was generally considered either a waste of time or a symptom of neurotic tendencies, and habitual daydreaming was regarded as evidence of maladjustment or an escape from life’s realities and responsibilities. It was believed that habitual daydreaming would eventually distance people from society and reduce their effectiveness in coping with real problems. At its best, daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life. 直到最近白日做梦通常被认为是浪费时间或者是神经官能症倾向的一种症状,而习惯性的白日做梦被认为是精神失调或者逃避生活现实和责任的证据.人们相信,习惯性的白日做梦最终会把人同社会疏远并降低他们在处理实际问题时的成效.白日做梦最好也不过被认为是对生活中实际事物的一种补偿性的替代. As with anything carried to excess, daydreaming can be harmful. There are always those who would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity. But such extremes are relatively rare, and there is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it.We are now beginning to learn how valuable it really is and that when individuals are completely prevented from daydreaming, their emotional balance can be disturbed. Not only are they less able to deal with the pressures of day-to-day existence, but also their self-control and self-direction become endangered. 像任何事情过分都可能有害,白日做梦也一样.总有那么一些人,他们用想入非非的生活来代替从实际活动得到的好处.但是这类极端的情况较为罕见,愈来愈多的证据却支持这样一种现象,即大部分人受白日做梦过少而不是过多之苦.现在我们开始了解,白日做梦如何真 20 / 28 . 有价值．并且人如果白日完全不做梦,他们的情绪平衡会被打乱.不仅他们应付每日生活的压力的能力会变差,他们的自我控制和自我导向能力也会受到损害. Recent research indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life and that a certain amount each day is essential for maintaining equilibrium. Daydreaming, science has discovered, is an effective relaxation technique. But its beneficial effects go beyond this. Experiments show that daydreaming significantly contributes to intellectual growth, powers of concentration, and the ability to interact and communicate with others. In an experiment with schoolchildren in New York, Dr. Joan Freyberg observed improved concentration: \"There was less running around, more happy feelings, more talking and playing in the group, and more attention paid to detail.\" 研究表明,白日做梦是日常生活的一部分,每天白天做一定的梦对保持情绪平衡是必不可少的,科学已经发现,白日做梦是一种有效的松弛办法.但它的好处不只这些.试验证明,白日做梦对智力发展、注意力集中和同别人的交往和沟通有相当大的好处. 通过用纽约的小学生做实验,琼．弗雷伯格观察到孩子们的专心程度得到了改善：\"跑来跑去的情况少了,愉快的心情多了,更多的人在一起谈话和玩耍,对细节的注意力增强了. 13 Work, Labor, and Play So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, 21 / 28 . free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family 就我所知,汉纳．阿伦特小姐是第一个说明了工作与劳作之间基本差异的人.一个人要想快乐,必须首先感觉自己是自由的,其次是感到自己是重要的.如果社会强迫他去做自己不乐意做的事；或者社会无视他自己喜欢做的事,将其当作没有价值或无关紧要的,他就不可能真正快乐.在一个严格意义上讲已经废除奴隶制的社会里,一个人所做的事具有社会价值的标志就是他为此得到了报酬,但实际上我们可以把今天的劳作者称为薪水奴隶.如果一个人对社会给予的工作毫无兴趣,只是为了生计和养家糊口而被迫接受这份工作,那他就是一名劳作者. The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not. Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play.Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, 22 / 28 . coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently- He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives’ birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better. 与劳作对应的是娱乐.我们玩游戏时,会感到快乐,否则我们就不会去玩,但这完全是个人的活动,社会对你玩或不玩是不会在意的. 介于劳作和娱乐之间的是工作.如果一个人对社会给予他报酬而从事的工作发自内心地感兴趣的话,他就是一名工作者；从社会观点来看是必要的劳动,从他个人观点来看则成了自愿娱乐.一件工作被归类为劳作还是工作,不取决于工作本身,而取决于从事这项工作的人的兴趣.比如,它们两者的区别并不等同于体力劳动与脑力劳动之间的区别.园丁或补鞋匠可能是工作者,而银行职员则可能是劳作者.一个人是劳作者还是工作者,可以从他对闲暇的态度看出.对工作者来说,闲暇只是他用来放松和休息以便能有效地工作所需要的时间.因此他尽可能少闲着；工作者会死于冠心病,会忘了妻子的生日.另一方面,对劳动者来说,闲暇意味着从强迫劳动中摆脱出来的自由,因此很自然地他会想像自己被迫劳动的时间越短,自由娱乐的时间越长就越好. 14 The Teacher’s Last Shocking Lesson She used the miniature tape recorder for a graduate-school course she was 23 / 28 . taking. The device, though, would do much more than capture a lecture. It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein’s shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion. 她使用了微型录音机,那是她用来录她正在听的研究生院的一门课的.不过这个设备起的作用要比录下一堂课的内容大得多.正是在凯思琳．温斯坦衬衣口袋里发现的这盘微型卡式录音带不仅使得警察找到了杀害她的凶手嫌疑人,而且也正是它展现了新泽西州的这位老师是一位具有非凡的勇气和同情心的女性. Weinstein, 45, was on her way to an exam at Toms River High School South on March 14 when she got out of her gold 1995 Toyota Camry to buy a sandwich at the busy Toms River Shopping Center. That’s where her path crossed that of Michael LaSane, who, police say, wanted just such a car to celebrate his 17th birthday. Grabbing Weinstein by the jaw, the attacker told her he had a gun and forced her into the Camry. The car was then driven to Manitou Park, about two miles from the shopping center. It was there, police believe, that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. According to Ocean County prosecutor Daniel Carluccio, the taped conversation between Weinstein and L.aSane took place as they removed personal items — hags, notebooks, her six-year-old son’s belongings, from the car. \"It wasn’t hysterical,\" Carluccio says of the 24-mimue tape. \"It wasn’t the kind of thing you would expect of someone who is facing a life-threatening situation. Mrs. Weinstein bravely and persistently used every skill and power she had to convince her attacker to simply take her car and not her life.\" 24 / 28 . 3月14日,45岁的温斯坦正开车赶往市南汤姆斯河中学参加考试.在繁忙的汤姆斯河购物中心,她停了下来,走出她那辆金色的丰田公司产的1995年款式坎利牌车去买一份##治.正是在那里她遇上麦克尔．拉森.据警察说,拉森正想要这样一部车来庆贺他的17岁生日.这名歹徒猛地夹住温斯坦的颌部,自称有枪并胁迫她上了车.然后,车被开到距购物中心大约两英里远的曼尼托公园.据警察推测,温斯坦正是在这里才得以打开放在她包里的录音机.据海洋县检查官丹尼尔．卡鲁齐奥说,温斯坦和拉森之间的录音对话是在温斯姻和拉森把她的个人物品——包、笔记本还有她6岁儿子的东西从车上取出来时进行的.关于这盘24分钟的录音带,卡鲁齐奥说,\"没有歇斯底里.它也不是那种你能指望一个人在生命受到威胁时所说的话.温斯坦夫人勇敢地一直用她所有的各种技巧和能力,去说服歹徒可以要她的车,但别要她的命.〞 The excerpts of the talk released by the prosecutor show why Weinstein was a beloved figure at Thorne Middle School in Middletown, where she was a special-education teacher. \"You haven’t done anything yet,\" she tells her attacker. \"All you have to do is let me go and lake my ear. For my life, don’t you think I should be concerned and let you take my car? For my life! Do you really want to have that on your head?\" At another point, 25 / 28 . 了保住我的命！你真的想要背负杀我的罪名？〞在另一个时刻,这位老师试图让歹徒敞开他的思想\"你难道不能跟我说说吗？当然,这很重要.这关系到你的整个生命和你要走的方向.〞温斯坦还谈到了她的儿子丹尼尔以与她与丈夫保罗打算领养一个孩子.她说,\"我想为别人做点什么,回报别人.〞 15 The Computer and The Poet The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been. That problem is not solely how to be more productive, more comfortable, more content, but how to be more sensitive, more sensible, more proportionate, more alive. The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency; it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence. But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are, to identity their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty, to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it now is. 人类在计算机化时代所面临的根本问题一如既往.这个问题不仅仅是要提高生产力,使人们更舒适、更满足,而且是怎样才能更有情感、更理智、更均衡、更有活力.计算机使人类进步发生飞跃的变化；它在实际上乃至理论上扫除制约人类智能发展的障碍.但是,涉与到人类对自身的认识,对实际存在的问题的辨别,对美的更充分的理解,对怎样给生活更充分的价值,怎样使人类世界比现在更安全等方面,计算机给人类带来的究竟是更大的便利还是更多的困难,这个问题依然存在,而且变得日益严重. Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital 26 / 28 . research. But they can’t eliminate the foolishness and decay that come from the unexamined life. Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to — the reality of pain in others; the possibilities of creative growth in himself; the memory of the race; and the rights of the next generation. The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight. Easy and convenient access to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead. 电脑能解开重要研究中的大量解决不了的问题,但不能清除来自未经研究审视的生活的愚蠢与腐朽.电脑也不能把人和应该与人有关系的事情联系起来,例如,别人的痛苦的现实、提高自身创造力的可能性、人类的记忆、以与下一代人的权利等等. 在计算机化时代,上述这些问题之所以重要是因为人们可能倾向于把数据误认为智慧,正如人们总是倾向于把逻辑与价值相混淆,把智能与洞察力混为一谈一样.方便快捷地获得信息,只有在人们有愿望和能力搞清这些信息意味着什么和会把人们引向何方时,才能够给人带来无限的好处. Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic. It requires a very unusual mind, Whitehead said, to undertake the analysis of a fact. The computer can provide a correct number, but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced. 27 / 28 . 信息如果任其泛滥,不加审核,那是可怕的事情.它们很容易被看作已有定论的可靠事实,而不是迫切需要处理使之具有逻辑条理的原始材料中最原始的材料.怀特黑德说过,对信息的分析需要非凡的头脑.计算机能够提供正确的数据,但在未加判断之前它可能只是一个无关的数据. 28 / 28 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容