历年考研《英语》真题长难句解析

攻克考研英语长难句 ——200个经典句

1．The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts

or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. 结构分析：本句是and 连接的两个并列句；第一个句子的主要结构是The

“shareholders” … had no knowledge …；过去分词短语employed by the company…作定语,修饰前面的workmen；定语从句in which he held shares修饰前面的the company；第二个句子的主要结构是his influence…was not good。

参考译文：这种股东不了解自己持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们

对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。 ２．The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation

with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. 结构分析：but连接两个句子，表转折关系；第一个句子的主要结构是The paid

manager … was in more direct relation with…；现在分词短语acting for the company作定语，修饰The paid manager；第二个句子的主要结构是he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen…；定语从句which the employer had often had …away修饰前面的familiar personal knowledge；介词短语under the more patriarchal system of the old family business作状语，修饰谓语动词had often had；现在分词短语passing away作定语，修饰前面的old family business。

参考译文：代公司进行管理的领薪经理与工人及其需求有更直接的关系，但甚

至连他们也已不像当年更具家长管理式的制度下的企业老板那样熟悉工人的情况。 ３．Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s

excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.

结构分析：本句主要结构是…I would single out the country’s excellent

elementary schools…; 四个名词短the country’s excellent elementary schools /a labor force…/the practice…/ and above

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all the American genius…做single out的宾语；定语从句that welcomed the new technology修饰前面的labor force；形容词technological 是后置定语，修饰前面的things。

参考译文：在诸多形成因素中，我想挑选出这些因素：这个国家优异的小学教

育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；奖励发明者的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术问题时所具有的非语言的，“空间”思维的天赋。 ４．Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness

to this educational advantage.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是…observers related A to B（relate A to B

表示“把…和…联系起来”）。

参考译文：目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和发明创造与这种教育

优势联系起来。 ５．A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which

preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是A further stimulus… came from…；非限定

性定语从句which preceded … it修饰前面的the “premium” system；定语从句部分and连接两个并列的谓语动词（preceded和ran）；句末的it指代前面的patent system。

参考译文：推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于专利制度之

前，且与专利制度同时运作了好多年。 ６．Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus

to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是Americans flocked to these fairs…；and连

接两个不定式to admire the new machines和thus to renew…做flocked 的目的状语。

参考译文：美国人纷纷涌向这些博览会去欣赏新机械，也因此更加坚信技术

进步造福人类。 ７．As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about

objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process…”

结构分析：本句的主体部分是直接引语；直接引语中由分号连接两个分句；第

一个分句（；）的主要结构是A technologist thinks about objects…；that 引导定语从句that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions修饰前面的objects；第二个分句中使用了被动语态（be dealt with…by…），主语they指代前面的objects。

参考译文：正如尤金 · 弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能用明确的

语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式来处理……”

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８．Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers,

screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Robert Fulton once wrote + 直接引语；直接

引语中，句子的主要结构是The mechanic should sit down…；among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc.做状语；like是连词，表示“如同，同样”，构成比较关系，like a poet 后面省略了和前面句子一样的谓语部分：a poet (should sit down) among the letters of…；现在分词短语considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts… 作伴随状语，其中them指代前面的letters；which 引导的非限定性定语从句in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea修饰前面的an exhibition of his thoughts。

参考译文：罗伯特 · 富尔顿曾写道：“技术人员应该坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、

轮子等中间，如同诗人处在字母之中，应把它们看作为自己思想的一种表达方式，每一个新组合都能传递一种新的思想。” ９．The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often

unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是The goal… will be to try to explain…that…；

其中explain 后面接的是“explain to sb sth”结构，表示“向某人解释某事”；这里的sth由that 引导的宾语从句（that there are not …universe and life）担任；该宾语从句的主要结构是there are not two equally valid scientific theories…；介词短语for the origin and evolution of universe and life做定语，修饰前面的名词theories。

参考译文：所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑而且常常是不开通的芸芸众

生：就宇宙和生命的起源与演化而言，不可能存在两个同样站得住脚的科学理论。 10．“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal

time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是“Scientific” creationism …, is based on

religion , not science；which引导的非限定性定语从句which is being pushed…given 修饰“Scientific”creationism；在该定语从句中，whenever 引导时间状语从句（whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given）。

参考译文：有人竭力宣扬“科学”神造论，每当课堂上讲授进化论时，这些人

就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释这一学说。神造论是以宗教为基础

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的，而非科学。

11．He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar

with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.

结构分析：两个逗号之间的and连接两个分句；在后一个分句中，for those

unfamiliar with the ways of creationists是插入结构，其中形容词短语unfamiliar with the ways of creationists修饰those。

参考译文：他揭露了这些人的活动和伎俩，对那些不了解神造论者做事方式的

人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。 12．On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This

book stands for reason itself.” And so it does―and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism /evolution debate. 结构分析：第一个句子中用了直接引语做says的宾语；第二个句子And so it

does（=This book stands for reason itself）是对第一句的赞同；破折号后作进一步解释，其中隐含一个省略if的倒装句，表示虚拟条件，相当于 and all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism /evolution debate。

参考译文：这部优秀作品的封面上引用了斯蒂芬 · 杰 · 古尔德的一句话，

“这本书本身代表理性”。的确如此 —— 如果理性是神造论和进化论之争的唯一裁判标准，一切问题就已解决了。 13．After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary

debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

结构分析：介词短语After six …debates做时间状语；本句的主要结构是

Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority…；动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die 做定语，修饰legal authority；who 引导定语从句who wish to die修饰前面的patients。

参考译文：经过6个月的争论和最后议会16个小时的激烈辩论，澳大利亚

北部地区当局成为全世界第一个立法允许医生可以根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法机构。 14．Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches,

right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. 结构分析：本句表示对比：Some have breathed…, others…bitterly attacked…,

其中others 后面的 including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association对others做进一步解释；its

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passage中的its指代前面提到的the bill。

参考译文：一些机构如释重负，其他一些机构，包括教会、倡导生命权利的组

织以及澳大利亚医学会都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。

15．In Australia―where an aging population, life-extending technology and

changing community attitudes have all played their part―other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是…other states are going to consider making

a similar law…；句首的介词短语in Australia… 作地点状语，where 引导的定语从句where an aging … their part修饰Australia。

参考译文：在澳大利亚，人口老龄化，延长寿命的技术和公众态度的不断变化，

这些因素都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制订类似的法律来解决安乐死问题。 16．A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress

prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.

结构分析：本句是复合句：A lateral move…career是主句，although引导

让步状语从句；主句的主要结构是A lateral move … prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career（“prompt sb. to do sth.”结构）；定语从句that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress修饰a lateral move；although 引导的状语从句的主要结构是I covered my exit …；两个逗号之间的部分in the manner of a disgraced government minister是插入结构；“I wanted to spend more time with my family”做claiming的宾语。

参考译文：一次侧面的人事变动伤了我的自尊心，并阻断了我的事业发展，这

促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业，当然表面上我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态，宣称“我只想与家人更多的呆在一起”来掩饰我的退出。 17．Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment

in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.

结构分析：本句主要结构是…my experiment… has turned my tired excuse

into an absolute reality（“turn sth into sth”结构）；some two-and-a-half years and two novels later是时间状语；名词性从句what the Americans term “downshifting”做介词in的宾语 ；downshifting （“换低档”）与驾驶汽车有关，在这里作者喻为过

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较简朴的生活。

参考译文：奇怪的是，大约经过两年半写完两部小说后，我这美国人称之为“换

低档”的试验，却将我老掉牙的借口变成了现实。 18．I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized

resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是I have discovered…that abandoning …and

making …brings … far greater rewards …；that引导宾语从句that abandoning …and making …brings … far greater rewards …做discovered的宾语；abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”和 making the alternative move into “downshifting” 是两个并列的主语；far greater rewards than financial success and social status 做brings的宾语；as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress是插入结构，做比较状语，谓语部分承上文省略了谓语主要动词discover,该部分主要结构是as perhaps Kelsey will （discover）…, 介词短语after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress做时间状语，修饰as perhaps Kelsey will （discover），介词短语after a build-up of stress是时间状语，修饰resignation from the editorship of She。

参考译文：或许正像凯茜在不堪重负后而公开宣称辞去她在《她》杂志编辑的

职务后一样，我发现放弃 “为生活忙碌” 的信仰转而过一种比较悠闲的生活所带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。 19．Downshifting─also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” ─has,

ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Downshifting… has bred a new area…；破

折号之间的部分是插入结构，补充说明downshifting；ironically也是插入语；what might be termed anticonsumerism说明a new area的内容。

参考译文：具有讽刺意味的是,追求比较悠闲的生活—在美国也称“自愿简

朴”，竟然孕育了一个崭新的、可称之为反消费主义的生活方式。

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20．While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic

decline─after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s─and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. 结构分析：本句是一个复合句：从句是While in America the trend started …

and is still linked to…（介绍美国的情况）,主句是 in Britain,… we have different reasons …（介绍英国的情况）；while表示主句和从句之间是对比关系；在从句中，started … 以及 is still linked to…是两个并列的谓语，破折号之间的部分after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s是插入结构，补充说明时间，过去分词短语caused by downsizing in the late 80s作定语修饰the mass redundancies；主句中，at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance是插入结构。

参考译文：在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应—— 那是

在20世纪80年代后期裁员而引起大量的失业之后—— 这种趋势现在仍被认为与节俭的政纲有关，在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，追求俭朴生活的缘由就多种多样了。 21．For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through

the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life─growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one─as a personal recognition of your limitations. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是…downshifting … is not so much a search…as

a personal recognition…；not so much A as B表示“与其说是A，不如说是B”，其中A是a search for the mythical good life，B是a personal recognition of your limitations；介词短语For the women of my generation…表示“对于我们这一代女性来说”，做状语；定语从句who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s修饰the women of my generation；破折号之间growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one补充说明the mythical good life的具体内容。

参考译文：对我们这一代曾在整个20世纪80年代为生活奔波的女性来说，20

世纪90年中期的简化生活与其说是我们寻求神话般的好生活—— 自种有机蔬菜并冒着自己放弃一切的危险—— 倒不如说我们都认识到了自身的局限。 22．It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria

such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是It’s an interactive feature…；that引导

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定语从句修饰an interactive feature；定语从句的主要结构是that lets … then E-mails …；then连接先后发生的两个动作； when a matching position is posted in the database是时间状语从句。

参考译文：这是一种有互动性的工具，访客只需键入自己的求职要求，诸如地

点、职务和薪水，然后给网上贴出的对应岗位发个邮件即可。 23．With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding

promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. 结构分析：本句中独立主格结构With thousands of career-related sites on

the Internet （“with+名词+介词短语”）做原因状语，动名词短语finding promising openings做主语。

参考译文：网上有成千上万个与谋职有关的网站，所以要找到好的岗位未免低效耗时。

24．Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service

to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. 结构分析：本句中分号（；）连接两个句子，第二个句子补充说明第一个句子；

第一个句子的主要结构是the best strategy is to use…，不定式to use…做表语，不定式to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database做目的状语；第二个句子中，when引导时间状语从句，consider…是主句，祈使句结构；consider it a reminder to check the database again用的是“consider+宾语+宾语补足语”结构；to check the database again具体说明a reminder的内容。

参考译文：最佳策略应是，把这种搜索工具看作“提示服务”，借它了解网站

上的招职职位；一旦收到邮件，即将其看作是一个提醒，以便查阅网站。 25．“I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to

a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.

结构分析：直接引语的主要结构是I would not rely on agents…；第一个

定语从句that is added to a database修饰everything；第二个定语从句that might interest me修饰a database。

参考译文：一位求职搜索指南的作者就说过，“我可不想全靠这些搜索工具，

去了解网站中新添加的使我感兴趣的信息。” 26．Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of

work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Some use them …；两个不定式to keep …和

(to) gather…做use them的目的状语；keep a close watch on…

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表示“密切关注…”，the demand for…表示“对…的需求”；不定式to arm themselves 做gather information的目的状语；when negotiating for a raise做gather information on compensation to arm themselves的时间状语。

参考译文：有人便借它严密关注自己专业的需求情况，或为加薪谈判搜集相关

的加薪信息。

27．This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to

discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是This … refers to discrimination …；for those

as yet unaware of such a disadvantage是插入结构，形容词短语unaware of such a disadvantage修饰those；定语从句whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet修饰those；in the lower half of the alphabet作定语修饰a letter。

参考译文：许多人迄今还了解这种现象，它指的是姓氏首字母位于字母表下半

部分的人们所遭受的歧视。 28．The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging

a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The change met the technical

requirements…and prevented the decline…；by engaging a large professional element 是说明met the technical requirements的方式，做状语；定语从句that so commonly spoiled …founders 修饰前面的the decline in efficiency。

参考译文：这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并阻止

了效率的降低，这种效率的降低使得许多家族商行在那些精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、第三代手中破产倒闭。 29．Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly

increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Such large, impersonal

manipulation…increased the numbers and importance …；an element in national life…是a class 的同位语；现在分词短语representing irresponsible wealth作定语，修饰前面的an element；过去分词短语detached from…and almost equally detached from…作后置定语，修饰前面的wealth。

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参考译文：这种大规模地、非个人性地对资本和企业进行操作，极大地增加了

作为一个阶层的股东的数量和重要性，作为国民生活的一部分，股东阶层代表着不承担责任的财富与土地拥有者所拥有的土地和应尽义务的分离，而且同样与企业的责任管理分离。 30．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large

“comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Towns…sprang up to house…classes who … ,

and who…；两个定语从句who … , and who…修饰前面的classes；except是介词，它后面的that 指代relation；drawing…和attending…是并列关系，作介词of的宾语；动词不定式to dictate their orders to the management作动词attending …的目的状语。

参考译文：像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起，是为了给大批退休阶层

过上舒适的生活，这些人有丰厚的收入，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，向管理人员发号施令，他们与外界没有联系。 31．After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a

certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. 结构分析：第一句中前面是介词词组作时间状语：After a “cooling off ”

period of seven days。第二句使用了被动语态the wish… can be met。

参考译文：在经过7天的冷静期之后，病人可签署一份申请证明。48小时后，

就可以满足其安乐死的愿望。 32．There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters,

and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

结构分析：共三个句子。第一个句子是there be结构，of course 是插入语。

第二句是主语+系动词+表语结构，双重否定结构hardly unknown表示肯定。第三句使用了“so…that…” 结构，其中过去分词短语made so frequently…作定语，修饰前面的observation, it指代observation。

参考译文：当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员、粗鲁的侍者和无礼的出

租车司机也并非罕见。但因为这种情况常见，所以就值得评论。 33．Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought

news of the outside world.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是 Strangers and travelers were welcome…and

brought…。注意diversion 在本句中作“解闷、消遣、娱乐”讲。

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参考译文：陌生人和旅行者给他们的生活带来了娱乐消遣，因而受到欢迎，同

时还带来了外界的消息。 34．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere

to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Someone … had nowhere …；现在分词短语

traveling alone作定语，修饰前面的someone；if hungry, injured, or ill… 实际上是省略了主语（someone）和be动词的条件状语从句，这里作插入成分。注意后半句中的turn to…结构。

参考译文：单独旅行时如果饿了、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的村民或村落求助。

35．It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable

impulse on the part of the settlers.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是it was not a matter of choice …or merely

a charitable impulse…；表语由并列的两部分组成，由or 连接。

参考译文：这对旅行者来说不只是一个选择的问题，而对居民来说也并非是一

时行善的冲动。 36．The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither

as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The casual friendliness of many Americans

should be interpreted neither as A nor B, but as C；其中A是superficial，B是artificial，C是the result of a historically developed cultural tradition。

参考译文：很多美国人的这种随意的友好态度不应被看作是表面的或虚假的，

而应当看成是一个文化传统历史发展的结果。 37．As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural

signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.

结构分析：本句是个复合句；As引导定语从句，as指代后面主句的内容；主

句是a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships；

参考译文：任何发达国家的情况都是一样，在美国，一系列复杂的文化信号，

各种设想和传统习惯构成了所有社会关系的基础。 38．The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse”

to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The phrase “substance abuse” is often

used … to make clear…；动词不定式to make clear that …作

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目的状语，修饰is used；That 引导的宾语从句作动词make的宾语；clear是宾语补足语；宾语从句的主要结构是substances … can be ..as harmfully misused as…；“as…as…”表示同级比较。

参考译文：他们经常用“物品滥用”这个短语来代替“毒品滥用”以便弄清许

多物质，如酒、烟，如果滥用就与海洛因、可卡因一样有毒。 39．We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances

(drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是We live…；which 引导定语从句in which the

medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive修饰society；冒号后面的四个名词短语是并列关系，用来举例说明前面提出的观点；四个名词短语后面各有一个修饰语（to quiet a headache/ to be sociable/ to get going in the morning/ for the nerves）做定语，表示其功效。

参考译文：我们生活的社会当中，物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用很普

及：服用阿斯匹林来缓解头痛，喝点酒来交际，早晨喝咖啡提神，吸烟来消除紧张。 40．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and

more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Dependence is marked first by…, and then

by…；and 连接两个by 引导的介词词组是并列关系；两个逗号之间的with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect（with+ n.+ 过去分词）作状语，用来进一步解释药物依赖的第一种表现；when the substance is discontinued 是时间状语从句。

参考译文：对药物的依赖首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的结果

所需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，会出现难受的停药症状。 41．Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Psychoactive substances are grouped…,谓

语部分使用了被动语态；其中whether 引导宾语从句whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens 作介词短语according to的宾语。

参考译文：精神刺激性药品通常可分为兴奋剂，镇静剂和幻觉剂。 42．“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator

Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your

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souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”

结构分析：Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week

（ask sb. sth.）前后是直接引语，引出直接宾语；直接引语的前半部分是一般疑问句；what引导表语从句what you intended to accomplish with your careers做is的表语；后半部分由两个句子构成，由连词but引出转折；第一个分句是简单句，but后面的句子是一般疑问句，由情态动词must引导，and连接两个并列的谓语部分：corrupt our nation 和threaten our children as well。

参考译文：参议员罗伯特·罗尔上星期质问时代华纳公司高层管理者们时说：

“这就是你们要成就的事业吗？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，但你们是否非要毁掉我们的国家，威害我们的孩子不成？” 43．It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues

of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是It’s a self-examination…；定语从句that

has…bottom line修饰a self-examination；定语从句的主要结构是that has …involved issues…；at various times是插入结构。

参考译文：这是在不同时期包含了责任，创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省。 44．Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit

the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too. 结构分析：该句的主要结构部分是Midcareer executives…may savor the

idea …but may forget that…；过去分词短语forced by a … themselves做原因状语，该结构为forced by… to do and do；That引导宾语从句做forget的宾语。

参考译文：中层管理人员，在公司被并购或重组中被迫离开公司，并为生计另

找出路时，可能会欣赏自己做老板的念头，却忽略了也必须至少在一个时期内记帐或做接待员。 45．“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal

column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.

结构分析：直接引语是主句中wrote的宾语；直接引语的主要结构是The

test…lies not in…but in…；how引导的宾语从句how well it can control expression做第一个in的 宾语；whether引导宾语从句whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude做第二个in的宾语；however 引导让步状语从句。

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参考译文：他在《华尔街日报》专栏中写道：“对任何一个民主社会的考验不

在于它能多有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是否给予了人们思考和表达以最大的自由，无论这些结果有时会引起多大的争论和愤怒。 46．During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s

stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Levin asserted that…and even cited…；

During…stockholders’ meeting是时间状语；that引导宾语从句that “music is not the cause of society’s ills”做asserted的宾语；a teacher in the Bronx, New York是宾语his son的同位语；非限定性定语从句who uses rap to communicate with students修饰son。

参考译文：在上个月的股东会议上，大家就摇滚乐的歌词进行了讨论。莱文宣

称“音乐不是社会问题的原因”，而且举了他在纽约布隆克斯当教师的儿子的例子。他儿子用说唱乐的形式与学生进行交流。 47．“I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the

company have only recently come to realize this.”

结构分析：本句的主要结构是 I think…；后面的部分是think的宾语从句；

在宾语从句中,同位语从句that some people…realize this修饰case，说明其具体情况；过去分词短语associated with the company作定语，修饰people。

参考译文： “我想情况大概是这样的：公司里有些人可能最近才刚开始意识

到这一点。” 48．Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering

the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. 结构分析：本句的主要结构为Much of the language… makes it sound like…

（make+宾语+宾语补足语）；used to describe monetary policy修饰language；such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes” 是对前面的language 进一步说明；It 指代前面提到的monetary policy。

参考译文：很多用来描述货币政策的词, 例如“经济软着陆”, “轻踩经济刹

车”, 使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。

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49．Professor Singer sums up the advantages of daydreams to the average

person: by sitting quietly and letting your daydreams emerge instead of squelching them, you may find there are parts of yourself you haven’t been listening to.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Professor Singer sums up the advantages…；

冒号后是advantages的具体内容，结构是by sitting… and letting … instead of squelching…, you may find …；find后面是省略引导词that的宾语从句（that）there are parts of yourself you haven’t been listening to；定语从句you haven’t been listening to修饰part of yourself。

参考译文：辛格教授总结了白日梦对普通人的益处：静静地坐在那里，让你的

白日梦浮现出来，而不是抑制它们，你就可以发现你尚未注意到的、自身内心活动的那些部分。 50．This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation

has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. 结构分析：分号(；)隔开两个并列句；第二个分句的主要结构是inflation has

been consistently lower than…，介词短语over the past couple of years 作时间状语，than expected in Britain and America是比较状语从句。

参考译文：这不是昙花一现。在过去若干年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率连续

低于预测水平。 51．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation

figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack.

结构分析：这是一个由since连接的主从复合句；主句的主要结构是

Economists have been…surprised by …；Since引导的原因状语从句的主要结构是conventional measures suggest that…；that 引导的宾语从句作suggest 的宾语，在宾语从句中，and especially America’s承前省略了economy。

参考译文：经济学家对英美两国有利的通货膨胀数据感到特别诧异，因为传统

的数据表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有萧条的时候。 52．Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world

have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是Some economists argue that…；that 引导argue

的宾语从句，该宾语从句的基本结构为powerful structural changes …have upended …models…；that引导的定语从句that were based upon the historical link between growth and

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inflation修饰前面的名词the old economic models。

参考译文：有些经济学家论证说，世界经济结构的巨大变化已经大大改变了旧

有的经济模式，即以经济增长和通货膨胀之间的历史联系为基础的模式。 53．Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and

drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.

结构分析：本句用了“it is… that…”强调句型，强调的是主语suffering；

本句正常的语序为humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating；句中使用了“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding 是宾语，动名词forcing the waters to do our bidding修饰前面的名词the idea，说明the idea的具体内容，so fascinating做宾语补足语。

参考译文：可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的困扰才使得这种让水听命于

人的理想如此让人着迷。 54．It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol

of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. 结构分析：本句主要结构为it doesn’t help that…；it是形式主语，真正

的主语是that从句；that 从句的主要结构是building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol…；striving to assert themselves作nations and people的定语。

参考译文：即便修建一个巨大的威力无比的水坝来作为民族成就的象征也没有什么用。

55．The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived

Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left―all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

结构分析：本句的主要结构为The Aswan Dam …stopped the Nile flooding

but deprived Egypt of the silt…, silt 后面的that 引导定语从句（that floods left）修饰silt；破折号后面的all代替破折号前面所说的the fertile silt；定语从句which is … electricity修饰a giant reservoir of disease，在该定语从句中，so…that…表示“如此……以至……”。

参考译文：例如阿斯旺大坝阻止了洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水退后留下

的肥沃淤泥 —— 得到的是一个有巨大疾病的水库。现在淤泥积满了水库以至于不能发电。

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56．This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians

stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Slovaks and Hungarians stopped … sending

in the troops…； in their contention over a dam 指sending in the troops 的原因；stopped just short of 指“差一点就”。

参考译文：本周，在文明欧洲的中心地区，斯洛伐克和匈牙利就在多瑙河建坝

问题上发生冲突，差点动用了军队。 57．Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and

benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是…study… can help to resolve these

conflicts；of the impacts of dams 与of the costs and benefits of controlling water做定语，并列修饰study.

参考译文：对大坝的影响和治水的成本及收益进行合理的科学研究有助于解

决这些冲突。 58．What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that

businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

结构分析：本句的主语是一个从句what is harder to establish；表语也是

个从句，它的主要结构是whether the productivity revolution … is for real；表语从句中的定语从句that businessmen assume they are presiding over修饰the productivity revolution。

参考译文：然而更难分辨的是，这些商人们设想的由他们领导的这场生产率革

命是否真实。 59．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual

rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.

结构分析：本句的主要结构部分是The trouble is that…；表语从句中有两

个分句，中间用and连接；第一个分句中主要结构部分是part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that…；that 引导定语从句修饰rebound；第二个分句中省略了主语part of the recent acceleration.

参考译文：麻烦的是近年来经济的部分增长是由于经济周期的正常反弹引起

的，因此，它不能证明有商业复苏的趋势。 60．There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a

“disjunction”, between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是there is a “disjunction” between the mass

of business anecdote … and the picture…；定语从句that points

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to a leap in productivity修饰business anecdote；reflected by the statistics 作the picture 的定语。

参考译文：正如财政部长罗伯特 · 鲁宾所说, “有关生产率大幅度提高的商

界奇闻与统计数字反映的情况大相径庭”。 61．New ways of organizing the workplace―all that re-engineering and

downsizing―are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是New ways … are only one contribution …；

破折号之间的部分all that re-engineering and downsizing说明new ways of organizing the workplace的具体内容；非限定性定语从句which is driven by many other factors…修饰the overall productivity of an economy；Such as引出三个名词短语（joint investment in equipment and machinery/ new technology / investment in education and training）举例说明many other factors。

参考译文：组织工场的新方法 —— 所有的重新策划和缩小规模 —— 对于提高

经济体整个生产力只起到一部分作用。还有许多其他的因素。例如，设备和机械的联合投资，新技术，教育和培训的投资。 62．Think of Galileo’s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before

the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.

结构分析：句子主要结构是think of …trial… or … remarks…；for his

rebelling belief 表示trial的原因, before the Catholic Church 指的是trial 的地点; against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton 指的是remarks的对象。

参考译文：想想看，17世纪伽利略因他反叛的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，

或者是诗人威廉 · 布莱克对依萨克 · 牛顿的机械的世界观的尖锐批判。 63．Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such

as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Defenders…have voiced their concerns …；

such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” … and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information”；such as后面列举了两次会议（The Flight from Science and Reason和 Science in the Age of (Mis) information）；过去分词短语held in New York City in

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1995和定语从句which assembled last June near Buffalo分别修饰前面的名词。

参考译文：科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995

年在纽约举行的”远离科学和理性”会议，去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“（错误）信息时代的科学”会议。 64．A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has

been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. 结构分析：本句主要结构是A survey… reveals that…；That引导的宾语从

句中主要结构是the anti-science tag has been attached to…；介词to后的宾语部分是many other groups …from authorities who … to Republicans who…；介词短语from authorities who … to Republicans who…修饰前面的名词many other groups；authorities who …以及 Republicans who…分别带一个who引导的定语从句。

参考译文：1996年的一项新闻报道的调查揭示了反科学这一标签与许多其他

群体系在了一起，从提倡消灭现存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡议减少基础研究基金的共和党人。

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65．Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto,

published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.

结构分析：本句主要结构是Few would dispute that…；that 宾语从句的主

要结构是the term applies to the Unabomber…; the Unabombers后面接whose引导的非限定性定语从句，非限定性定语从句的主要结构是whose manifesto…scorns...and longs…; 过去分词短语published in 1995修饰前面的whose manifesto。

参考译文：很少会有人对将“反科学”这个词用在反原子弹团体身上提出质

疑。它在1995年的宣言中公开蔑视科学并渴望回到前技术时代的乌托邦（理想之国）。

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66．The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,

a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The true enemies of science … are those

who …；argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies是插入结构，a pioneer of environmental studies是Paul Ehrlich的同位语；修饰those的由who引导的定语从句的主要结构是who question the evidence …；现在分词supporting后面接三个名词短语（global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth），一起修饰the evidence。

参考译文：环境研究的先驱斯坦福大学的保罗 · 埃利希说，科学的真正敌人

是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和其他工业增长的后果提出质疑的人。 67．Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing

more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. 结构分析：本句是一个倒装句，正常结构是the picture of …competition is

emerging from the 1980 census；倒装的原因是picture的定语部分太长不适于将主语部分置前；现在分词短语developing more and more regional competition修饰前面的名词a nation；as 引导的从句表示时间。

参考译文：1980年人口普查显示：随着东北及中西部地区的人口增长几乎为

零，这个国家地域间的竞争越来越激烈。 68．This development―and its strong implications for US politics and

economy in years ahead―has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是The development… has enthroned the South …；

破折号中间部分（and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead）补充说明主语；as America’s most densely populated region 补充说明宾语the South；for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting 作状语。

参考译文：此发展 —— 以及对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的

影响一一使南部在全国人口普查中有史以来首次成为美国人口最密集的地区。

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69．Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too―and so did bigger crops

of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years. 结构分析：本句有两个分句；第二个分句是倒装结构，正常语序为bigger crops

of babies did so (= also played a role) as…；as 引导时间状语从句。

参考译文：不断涌入的移民潮也起了一定作用 —— 还有过去的那次“婴儿

潮”出生的一代已经到了婚育年龄，他们生下的数量更为可观的孩子也起到了一定作用。 70．Often they chose―and still are choosing―somewhat colder climates such

as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. 结构分析：本句主要结构是they chose -- and are still choosing -- colder

climates …；such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska 修饰前面的名词colder climates；In order to 引导的不定式表目的状语；escape 的宾语是smog, crime 和 other plague.

参考译文：他们过去常常选择，现在也依然选择居住在那些气候较为寒冷的地

区，如俄勒冈、爱达荷，还有阿拉斯加，为的就是躲避这个黄金州的烟雾、犯罪，及城市化进程中的其他问题。 71．As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to

18.5 percent ― little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是California’s growth rate dropped …；to 18.5

percent 表示“降低到…”；little more than … and considerably below …补充说明前面的18.5 percent；that of other Western states中的that指growth figure。“two thirds the 1960s’growth figure” 是“20世纪60年代的增长的2/3”。

参考译文：结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代时降到18.5%，

这稍高于20世纪60年代增长率的2/3，大大低于西部其他各州。 72．Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at

the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.

结构分析：本句中的分号分开两个并列句；前一个分句的主要结构是… they

are not … found …；Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes 是比较状语；at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that … 是地点状语，定语从句that make up the earth’s surface修饰the great drifting plates；第二个分句的主要结构是many of them lie … in…。

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参考译文：与世界上绝大部分火山不同，它们并不都在形成地球表面的巨大漂

移板块的边缘。相反，许多热点处于板块深处。 73．The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem

to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The complementary coastlines and certain

geological features …are reminders …；that引导的定语从句（that seem to span the ocean）修饰geological features；where引导的从句（where the two continents were once joined）表示地点，做of的宾语。

参考译文：但互相吻合的海岸线和某些似乎是跨越海洋的地质特征提醒人们两

个大陆曾经是连在一起的。 74．The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been

constructed in detail, but the motion of the plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior.

结构分析：本句由but分开的两个分句组成；前一分句的主要结构是The

relative motion of the plates … has been constructed…；现在分词短语carrying these continents做前面the plates的定语；后一分句的主要结构是the motion of the plate…cannot …be translated into motion…；两个“with respect to …”介词短语分别作前面motion的定语。

参考译文：带有这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来，但是一

个板块相对于另一板块的运动还不能轻易解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。 75．It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in

opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.

结构分析：本句主要结构是It is not possible to determine whether…；

it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to determine…away from it；whether…or whether…引导的两个宾语从句（由or连接）做determine的宾语。

参考译文：不可能确定两块大陆是反向移动的，还是一块静止不动另一块漂移。 76．As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. 结构分析：本句由分号（；）隔开两个复合句；在第一个复合句中，as引导时

间状语从句；在第二个复合句中，主句的结构是…the continent may break…；in at least a few cases做状语；along some of these

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fissures做break的状语；so that引导结果状语从句。

参考译文：随着圆顶的增长，它开始出现深深的裂缝（裂纹）；至少在有些情

况下大陆可能沿着其中一些裂缝完全裂开，因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。 77．While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —— the dangers of

drug interactions, for example —— and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是While warnings are…and many are…, it isn’t

clear that…；while 引导让步状语从句；the dangers of drug interactions, for example是插入语，举例说明warnings；many指代前面的warnings；it isn’t clear that…中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句；That主语从句是个复合句：主句的主要结构是they … protect the manufacturers and sellers…，if引导条件状语从句（if a customer is injured）。

参考译文：尽管警告通常是适当和必要的，如对药物相互作用的危险提出警告，

而且很多还是州或联邦政府所要求的，然而当顾客受到伤害时，这些警告能否可以让生产者和销售者豁免责任尚不清楚。 78．As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning

to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.

结构分析：本句是个复合句：as 引导时间状语从句（As personal injury

claims continue as before），主句的主要结构是some courts are beginning to side with defendants…；where引导的定语从句（where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything）修饰前面的cases。

参考译文：随着一些个人伤害的赔偿继续进行，有些法庭逐渐开始偏向被告一

方，尤其是在审理那些警告标签可能起不到什么作用的案件的时候。 79．In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,

successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是Julie Nimmons…fought a lawsuit …；president

of Schutt Sports in Illinois是Julie Nimmons的同位语；现在分词短语involving a football player who …做定语，修饰a lawsuit；定语从句who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet修饰player；while wearing a Schutt helmet为定语从句中的时间状语。

参考译文：5月，伊利诺斯州Schutt体育用品公司总裁Julie Nimmons就赢

得一场官司。这场官司涉及到一位橄榄球运动员，他戴着Schutt公

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司生产的头盔参加比赛时，受伤瘫痪了。

80．At the same time, the American Law Institute —— a group of judges,

lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight —— issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是the American Law Institute … issued new

guidelines …；破折号中间部分（a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight）引出the American Law Institute的成员，定语从句whose recommendations carry substantial weight 修饰a group of judges, lawyers, and academics；现在分词短语stating that …修饰tort law；that引导宾语从句做stating的宾语；在that引导的宾语从句里，主要结构是companies need not warn customers … or bombard them…

参考译文：在此同时，美国法律协会 —— 该协会由一群法官、律师和学者组

成，他们的建议分量极重，发布了新的民事侵权法指导方针，宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意那些显而易见的危险，也不必给顾客提供一份冗长的可能出现的危险的清单。 81．If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information

on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

结构分析：本句是个复合句：if引导条件状语从句，主句中的结构是the

information…might be provided for…and not as…。

参考译文：如果该法律团体的合理的目的能够实现的话，提供产品信息就是为

了顾客的利益，而不是为了保护公司避免承担法律责任。 82．Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions

only with established business partners who are given access to the company ' s private intranet.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Some companies are limiting the risk…；

by conducting …作方式状语；who are given access to the company’s private intranet是partners的定语从句。

参考译文：有的公司为了避免风险，只与那些熟悉的贸易伙伴进行网上交易，

这些贸易伙伴有权利进入该公司的企业内部网。 83．In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that

allow companies to \"push\" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是…software companies have developed tools…；

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that引导的定语从句修饰tools；allow sb. to do sth.表示“允许某人做某事”；transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers（结构是“transmit sth. to sb.”）是that定语从句中的结果状语。

参考译文：但是，在过去一年里，软件公司开发出来的工具可以使公司直接向

顾客推出信息，直接向目标客户传递市场信息。 84．Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing

onto the screen comes there by specific request.

结构分析：本句主要结构是Online culture thinks highly of the notion…；

定语从句that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request修饰notion；that 定语从句中的现在分词短语flowing onto the screen做定语，修饰information。

参考译文：网上文化高度重视这一理念，即经过专门申请的信息才能出现在屏幕上。

85．The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show

that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.

结构分析：本句主要结构是The examples of …and … show that …；that

引导宾语从句，做show的宾语；that宾语从句的主要结构是a Web site …will attract online customers； 现在分词短语selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security做 a Web site的定语。

参考译文：Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com和其它先驱网站的实例表明，一

个将交互性、热情服务和安全合理地结合起来以销售适类商品的站点是可以吸引网上客户。 86．An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the

classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. 结构分析：本句主要结构An invisible border divides those …and those…；

现在分词arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects以及 arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform分别修饰前面的those。

参考译文：把计算机引入教室，有人争辩说是为了学生的就业前景，有人主张

以此达到对教育进行彻底改革的更加宏伟的目标，以上两种人之间有一条无形的界限。

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87．An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job

is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是An education… is a technical education；

定语从句that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job 修饰an education；过去分词短语justified for…by law修饰前面的an technical education；在justified for…by law中，形容词短语different from … by law修饰前面的reasons；宾语从句why education … by law做from的宾语。

参考译文：目的是为学生找到工作的教育是一种职业教育，证明其合理性的理

由同法律要求人们普遍接受教育的原因大不相同。 88．Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character

who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是we have a certain conception …；a character

who …是the American citizen的同位语；who引导的定语从句修饰a charcater；who引导的定语从句是个复合句：主句是who is incomplete，if 引导条件状语从句；if 从句的主要结构是he cannot … assess how …，how引导宾语从句（how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself）做assess的宾语。

参考译文：我们对美国公民有种看法，如果他不能恰当地认识到生活和幸福是

如何受外在事物影响的，那么他的美国公民特征就是不完整的。 89．Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind

of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

结构分析：本句主要结构是This is unlikely to produce …；形容词同级

比较as large as ours 以及定语从句 where …international corporations修饰前面的a country；where定语从句的主要结构是the economy is spread … and involves so many international corporations。

参考译文：此外，像我们这样一个经济跨越如此多的州、又牵涉到如此多的跨

国公司的大国，要培养出所需的各种职业人才是不可能的。 90．But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the

way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a job and not.

结构分析：本句是一个主从复合句；主句为professional training might be

the way to go，since 引导原因状语从句；for a small group of

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students做主句的状语；原因状语从句的主要结构是well-developed skills … can be the difference between…and…；all other factors being equal是插入结构。

参考译文：但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是必由之路，因为在其他因素

相同的情况下，熟练的技能也许是能否找到工作的决定性因素。 91．Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry

technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Declaring that…, he ordered that …and

asked …；Declaring that…做时间状语，decalring后面接that引导的宾语从句（“be opposed to doing…” 表示“反对…”；“use sth. to do”表示“用…去做…”）；带有虚拟语气的宾语从句that federal funds （should） not be used …to do so做ordered的宾语；although no one had proposed to do so补充说明虚拟语气所在句子；and asked an independent panel of experts…on human cloning的主要结构是ask sb. to do…； 过去分词短语chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro做定语，修饰an independent panel of experts。

参考译文：他宣布反对利用这种不正常的动物克隆技术去克隆人，禁止使用联

邦资金做这样的实验 —— 尽管没有人提议要那样做，并责成成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德 · 夏皮罗主持的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人类的政策的建议，向白宫汇报。 92．NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human

cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. 结构分析：本句主要结构是NBAC will ask that … and possibly that …，

ask后有两个由that引导的宾语从句，都使用了虚拟语气；第一个that宾语从句中主语为Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning，核心词是ban，谓语部分分别是（should） be extended和(should)be made law。

参考译文：NBAC将请求克林顿将禁止使用联邦资金克隆人的90天禁令无限期

地延长，并且可能立法。 93．The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however,

whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The panel has not yet reached agreement…；

agreement on…表示“在…达成一致”；whether to recommend …for

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human cloning是a crucial question的同位语；定语从句that would … human cloning修饰legislation；that定语从句的主要结构是：that would make it a crime…（“make+宾语+宾语补足语”）；it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是for private funding to be used for human cloning；a crime是宾语补足语。

参考译文：然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上取得一致意见，即是否建议立

法，将利用私人基金克隆人定为犯罪。 94．In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May

meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be \"morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning \".

结构分析：本句主要结构为…Shapiro suggested that…；过去分词短语

discussed at the 17 May meeting做定语，修饰the recommendations；suggested后的宾语从句中，主要结构是the panel had found a broad consensus…；同位语从句that it would be \"morally … nuclear cloning\"修饰a broad consensus；在同位语从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning。

参考译文：在5月17日会议上讨论的建议草案序言中，夏皮罗指出，该小组

已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核克隆婴儿将是为道德所不容的。” 95．Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring before birth） for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research..

结构分析：本句是一个主从复合句；because引导原因状语从句，从句的主要

结构是current federal law … forbids the use …；两个不定式to create … or to knowingly endanger …表示use的目的；NBAC will remain silent on embryo research是主句部分。

参考译文：因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金创造研究用的胚胎（人

类子嗣降世前的最初阶段）或明知故犯地危及胚胎的生命，NBAC将在胚胎研究这一问题上保持沉默。 96．The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the

tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

结构分析：本句主要结构是The fact… answered the question …；同位语

从句that the apple fell …into the tree修饰the fact；定语从句（省略that） he had been asking …the planets修饰the question；定语从句中，介词短语about those larger fruits of

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the… planets做定语，修饰省略的that (=the question) ；the moon and the planets是those larger fruits of the heavens的同位语。

参考译文：苹果朝地上掉落而不是往树上飞，这一事实回答了牛顿长期以来一

直对月球和行星那些较大的天上果实所存的疑问。 97．In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might

gather the impression that they find the \"scientific method\" a substitute for imaginative thought.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是…you might gather the impression …；that

they find …thought是the impression的同位语从句；同位语从句中用了“find+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，宾语是the \"scientific method\"，宾语补足语是a substitute for imaginative thought。

参考译文：在和一些科学家，特别是较为年轻的科学家们交谈时，也许会有这

样一种印象，即他们发现了“科学方法”，亦即想象思维的代名词。 98．If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as

faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.

结构分析：本句是一个主从复合句；if 引导条件状语从句，条件状语从句的

主要结构是experiments are planned and carried out…；according to plan修饰谓语动词；“as…as…”结构，修饰谓语动词，第二个as后面跟一个句子（the reports in the science journals indicate）；主句的主要结构是it is perfectly logical…，其中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式for management to expect …cents。

参考译文：如果实验完全按照科学杂志报告中陈述的那样照计划不折不扣地去

设计完成，那么，管理人员就预期研究会产生以美元，美分计的结果，这完全符合逻辑。 99．It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who

know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是It is entirely reasonable...，it 是形式主

语，真正的主语是for auditors to believe...the microscope；that引导从句做believe的宾语，其主要结构是scientists … should not be distracted …；定语从句who know exactly where … and how …修饰scientists；and连接两个从句where they are going 和how they will get there做know的宾语；时间状语从句while the other eye is on the microscope修饰keeping one eye on the cash

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register。

参考译文：审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何使其

得以实现的科学家们根本没必要三心二意，一只眼盯着现金登记卡，而另一只眼睛则盯着显微镜。 100．Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable

to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the \"odd balls\" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who \"work well with the team \".

结构分析：本句是一个倒装句Nor…is management to be blamed for…；if

regularity and conformity … to reflect做状语，其主要结构是regularity and conformity … are as …as …，第二个as后用了一个句子the writing of his papers would appear to reflect；定语从句who \"work well with the team \"修饰more conventional thinkers。 参考译文：如果象科学家们写作论文想要反映的那样，渴求规律性和与某种标

准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的思想上较为循规蹈矩的人，那也是无可指责的。

101．Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled.

America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

结构分析：第一句中its workers the most skilled承前面省略了were（its

workers were the most skilled）；第二句中，beyond the dreams of 表示“（某人）做梦也没想到”； 定语从句whose economies the war had destroyed修饰the Europeans and Asians.

参考译文：它的科学家是世界上最好的，它的工人是最熟练的。美国和美国公

民的繁荣是欧亚两大洲人民做梦都想不到的，因为二战摧毁了这些国家的经济。 102．For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which

American had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to the next casualty.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是…it looked as though the making of

semiconductors … was going to the next casualty；两个非限定性定语从句which … and which … age 修饰semiconductors。

参考译文：曾一度看来，美国的半导体制造业将可能下一个全军覆没，却正是

美国人发明了半导体这一崭新的计算机时代的核心。

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103．Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about

the growing competition from overseas nations.

结构分析：本句主要结构是Their sometimes sensational findings were

filled with …；介词短语about the growing competition from overseas nations 修饰warnings；from overseas nations修饰the growing competition。

参考译文：美国人不时引起轰动的调查结果充满了对来自其他国家的越来越激

烈的经济竞争的警告。 104．Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued

dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.

结构分析：第一个句子的主要结构是Few Americans attribute this solely

to…；attribute…to…表示“将……归功于或归咎于……”；such obvious causes as 后面列举2个causes: a devalued dollar 和 the turning of the business cycle，由or连接。

参考译文：几乎没有一个美国人将这五年的经济持续增长单纯归功于类似于美

元贬值或商业周期轮回这些显而易见的原因。如今对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。 105．There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio

drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.

结构分析：本句是由三个递进关系的简单句组成的并列句；but连接第一个句

子和第二个句子，and连接第二个句子和第三个句子；关键词born 表明该数字是婴儿出生时的性别比例，70-year-olds为名词, 意为70岁的老人。

参考译文：男婴和女婴的出生比例为105:100，成年以后这个比例便降至基本

持平，而到70岁的时候，女性的人数就达到男性的两倍了。 106．Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural

selection to take advantage of it have diminished.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是differences between … and the opportunity

(for sb. to do)… have diminished；注意，主要结构中and前后是并列成分，即differences between … 和the opportunity…同时做主语；句中的it指的是differences between people。

参考译文：而且，人与人之间的差异以及自然选择以此来发挥作用的机会都已

大大减少了。

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107．The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival

and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是The grand mediocrity … means that…；破

折号中间的部分补充说明The grand mediocrity of today；that引导的宾语从句that natural selection …compared to the tribe做means的宾语，其主要结构是natural selection has lost 80% of its power…；过去分词短语compared to the tribes作状语。

参考译文：今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相

同——意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中上层，已经失去了80%的效力。 108．Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they \"look

at an organic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.\"

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Darwin had a phrase...；不定式to describe

those ignorant of evolution做定语,修饰a phrase；形容词短语ignorant of evolution做定语,修饰those；冒号后面补充说明a phrase的具体内容；as引出比较状语从句，结构是A does something as B does something。

参考译文：达尔文曾经用下面的语句来描述那些对生物进化过程一无所知的

人：“他们”面对着有机体，就像原始人面对着轮船，面对着完全超出自己理解能力范围的事物。” 109．When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable

to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 结构分析：这是一个复合句：When…fashion是时间状语从句，it is…as normal

是主句；在主句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to find…as normal；what its advocates are aiming at是find out的宾语；for补充说明原因，后面是一个分句；在该分句中又有一个复合句：however引出让步状语从句，it is possible…是主句；在it is possible…主句中，it是形式主语，that…as normal是主语从句。

参考译文：当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时，应该先弄明白这

场运动倡导者的真正意图，因为不管他们的准则在今天看来多么牵强，但很有可能他们的理论就会被视为正常。

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110．With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult,

for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.

结构分析：本句中With regard to…表示“对……来说”；for引出分句补充

说明the case is rather difficult的原因； for后面是一个复合句：whatever引导让步状语从句（whatever在从句中做be的表语），it can …Literature是主句；破折号中间的部分做让步状语，其中on which it is based 作 theory 的定语。

参考译文：对未来主义诗歌来说，情况却就不那么简单了。因为不管未来主义

诗歌是什么 —— 就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的 —— 这种形式也很难被归入文学。 111．We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops,

or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是We must pour out a large stream of essential

words…；过去分词短语unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs 是伴随状语。

参考译文：在下笔时我们必须让一长串表达意义的基本词汇倾泻而出，不要受

到句号、修饰用形容词或限定性动词的牵制。 112．But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that

a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”

结构分析：本句的主要结构是It is a little upsetting…；it 是形式主语，

真正的主语是不定式to read… that…and then to find that…；宾语从句that a certain …river的主要结构是a certain line describes a fight between …and …；定语从句off which …river修饰a bridge；“Pluff! Pluff! A hundred 和eighty-five kilograms”分别补充说明the noise…和the weights…。

参考译文：但是当我们在注释中看到某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加

利亚军官在桥上动手打架然后都掉进河里，而后却发现在诗行中充斥着“扑通，扑通，185公斤重”这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描述时，这不免使我们感到困惑。 113．All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first

proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是no thinking man can refuse (to do)…；冒

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号（：）后面的that从句是proposition的同位语，其主要结构是a great change … calls for a change…。

参考译文：可是仍然没有一个有思想的人能否决他们自己最初的主张：即人们

情感世界里的巨变会引起语言表达方式的巨变。 114．Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose

productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是Aimlessness has …been typical of the postwar

Japan…(句型“A is typical of B”表示“A是B的典型特征”)； whose productivity… Europe是Japan的定语从句，其主要结构是whose productivity and social harmony are the envy…。

参考译文：很少有人认为，毫无目的是战后日本 —— 一个生产迅猛发展及社

会的安定和谐足以让欧美各国眼红的国家--的典型特征。 115．The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into

the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The coming of age …and an entry of women …

have limited the opportunities …；定语从句who are …jobs 修饰teen-agers；过去分词短语involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是personal sacrifices 的定语。

参考译文：战后婴儿潮一代步入成年和女性进入男性为主导的劳动力市场使得

青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经对为爬上日本国内通往学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯做出巨大的个人牺牲提出了质疑。 116．Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised

eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the \"Japanese morality of respect for parents.\" 结构分析：本句是一个复合句： Mitsuo Setoyama…raised eyebrows是主句，

when he argued that…是时间状语从句；非限定性定语从句who was then education minister修饰Mitsuo Setoyama；从句that liberal reforms…parents做argued的宾语；该宾语从句的主要结构是liberal reforms…had weakened the \"Japanese morality...\" ；过去分词短语introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡ做定语，修饰liberal reforms。

参考译文：去年，当担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当

局引入的自由主义革新削弱了日本民族“尊敬父母的道德品质”的

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时候，舆论哗然。

117．With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of

Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households.

结构分析：本句由分号隔开两个分句；第一个分句是倒装结构，正常语序为

centralization has come with economic growth；第二个分句是对第一个分句中的centralization进一步说明,其主要结构是fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live …；定语从句where community and the extended family …households修饰cities；定语从句的主要结构是community and the extended family have been abandoned…。

参考译文：随着经济增长，出现了居住集中化：全国1.19 亿公民中76%的人

口居住于城市。原来社会和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的两代人组成的家庭。 118．If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition wealth,

distinction, control over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf .

结构分析：本句是一个复合句：if引导条件状语从句， the rewards …must

be deemed worthy of…是主句；wealth, distinction, control one’s destiny 是the rewards of ambition 的同位语；形容词短语worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf是主语the rewards of ambition补足语；过去分词短语made on ambition's behalf作定语修饰the sacrifices。

参考译文：如果对个人的野心能正确看待，那么野心所带来的好处，荣华富贵、

出人头地、命运自主，这些都可以被认为是值得为了这个雄心壮志而做出的牺牲。 119．If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely

shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

结构分析：本句是一个复合句；if引导条件状语从句，主句是and连接的两

个分句（it must be widely shared和it especially must be highly regarded…）；分号前后两个it都指代the tradition of ambition；第二个分句中定语从句who are themselves admired修饰people，the educated not least among them 也说明people。

参考译文：如果野心的传统是有生命力的，那么这个传统会为许多人分享；尤

其会受到自身也受人仰慕的人士的青睐，在这些人中受过良好教育的不占少数。

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120．There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn

door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是There is heavy note of hypocrisy…；a case

of closing the barn…on them补充说明前面主句中的heavy note of hypocrisy；with the educated themselves riding on them为伴随状语。

参考译文：这种事情便有了很重的虚伪性，就像是等马全跑光了才把马厩的门

关上，而骑在马上的正是那些受过良好教育的人。 121．Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs

now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.

结构分析：两个句子中都运用了双重否定：do not seem less interested in

success and its signs和do not seem less in demand，双重否定相当于肯定；两个句子中都用了比较结构“less…than…”。

参考译文：当然，现在人们对成功和成功的标志的兴趣似乎并未比以前减弱。

避暑别墅、欧洲旅行、宝马车，或许地点，地名和品牌有了些变化，但人们对这些东西的渴望程度不亚于一二十年前。 122．What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,

as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是What has happened is that…；what引导主语

从句；that引导表语从句；该表语从句是一个复合句：主句的结构是people cannot confess fully to … as … as …，lest引导虚拟状语从句；三个形容词pushing, acquisitive and vulgar做主语they的补足语。

参考译文：现在发生的事情是人们总不能像从前一样轻松坦白地承认他们有这

样的梦想，惟恐自己被人认为是急功近利，贪得无厌或庸俗不堪。 123．Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now

more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是we are treated to fine hypocritical

spectacles…；which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰fine hypocritical spectacles；冒号后面三个名词短语（the critic …; the publisher …; the journalist…）补充说明fine hypocritical

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spectacles；这些名词短语中的中心名词the critic of American materialism…; the publisher of radical books…; the journalist …后面各带有后置定语（从句）。

参考译文：相反，我们目睹了大量精心雕琢的虚伪景观，它们比以往任何时候

似乎都要多；美国物欲主义批评家拥有一幢南安普敦的避暑别墅；激进书籍的出版商在三星级酒店享用一日三餐；鼓吹终生参议民主制度的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。 124．No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and

amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. 结构分析：第一个句子的主要结构是No clear-cut distinction can be drawn

between…and…；冒号后面的内容是对前面观点的进一步说明；在第二个句子中,转折词Nevertheless表示语义的转折；第二个句子的主要结构是the word ‘amateur’ does carry a connotation…，does 表示强调；that引导同位语从句修饰connotation；同位语从句有两个并列谓语：is not integrated和may not share；concerned做定语修饰the person。

参考译文：在科学上专业人员与业余科研爱好者之间并没有明确的分界线；任

何规则总存在例外；然而，“业余”这个词的确有这样一个含义，即相关人员没有充分地融入科学界，尤其是业余人员与科学界有着观念上的差异。 125．The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based

especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The trend was naturally most obvious … and

can be illustrated …；and连接两个并列谓语；based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training是定语,修饰areas of science。

参考译文：这种趋势在那些特别依赖数学或实验室的训练的学科领域中，自然

十分明显。我们可以用英国的地质学发展作例证来说明这种趋势。 126．A comparison of British geological publications over the last century

and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

结构分析：该句的主要结构是A comparison … reveals not simply an

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increasing emphasis … but also a changing definition…；not simply … but also…表示“不仅…而且…”；从句what constitutes an acceptable research paper做介词of的宾语。

参考译文：将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的刊物作一下比较，我们就会发

现地质学界不仅越来越强调科研至高无上的主导地位，而且对什么是可接受的科研论文的界定也不断地变化。 127．The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological

journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The overall result has been to make …；

动词不定式to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs (“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构)做表语；a result是前面句子主语The overall result的同位语；that 引导定语从句，修饰a result；介词短语 first by…，and then by…修饰refereeing。

参考译文：这样一来，总的结果是业余爱好者想要在专业地质学学刊上发表文

章就更难了，而学刊审订制度的广泛引入使发表难度进一步加大。这个审订制度在19世纪由全国学刊首先采用，到了20世纪又被几家地方地质学刊采用。 128．Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this

world, but what you get.”

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Tight-lipped elders used to say…；直接引

语中的主要结构是It’s not…but…(不是……而是……) 。

参考译文：出言谨慎的长辈们过去常说，“问题不是你在这个世界上想要什么，

而是你能得到什么。” 129．You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.

结构分析：and连接两个并列句；第一个分句是复合句：主句是You can make a

mental blueprint of a desire，as引导比较状语从句；第二个分句的主要结构结构是each of us is… making these blueprints…routine of everyday living（“make +宾语+宾语补足语”， routine of everyday living是宾语补足语）。第二个分句中一般进行时与continually一类词语连用，表示经常发生的、令人不快的、令人讨厌的事情。

参考译文：你可以在脑子里为你的愿望画一幅蓝图，就像给房子画蓝图那样。

实际上，在日常生活中，我们每一个人都在不断地描绘着这些蓝图。

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130．While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

结构分析：your “wares”前面的and 连接两个并列句；第一个分句是个复合

句：While引导时间状语从句,主句是 your could-be employer is deciding whether…。 Whether引导从 whether your education… employ you做deciding的宾语；第二个分句的主要结构是your “wares” and abilities must be displayed…。

参考译文：你的未来雇主在与你谈话时，就在掂量，你的教育背景、经历及其

他资历是否能使其受益，因而你的“商品”和能力必须有序而合理地展示出来。 131．When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.

结构分析：本句是个复合句；when 引导时间状语从句，主句是：you have

something tangible to sell。注意本句中“have+ n.+to do”这个结构。

参考译文：当你精心准备好自己能力和愿望的蓝图后，你就有具体明确的东西

可以推销了。 132．They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of £83 per household.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是They are brought sport…, 其中谓语部分用了

“bring sb sth”的被动形式（sb. is brought sth），直接宾语很长，是一系列名词的罗列(sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films)。

参考译文：每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新

闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。 133．The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain. 结构分析：but连接两个句子，表示转折关系；第一句的主要结构是The

Corporation will survive …；as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization 修饰主语the corporation；at least for the time being做状语；第二句的主要结构是its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject…。

参考译文：英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少

目前会这样，但它的作用、规模和节目却成了全英国争论的话题。

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134．The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The debate was launched by the Government,…，

谓语部分使用了被动语态；非限定性定语从句which invited anyone …to say what …and even whether…keeping修饰the Government；该定语从句的主要结构是which invited anyone …to say what …and even whether…； and连接两个宾语从句 （分别由what 和whether引出 ）做say的宾语；插入结构including ordinary listeners and viewers修饰anyone。

参考译文：英国政府发起了这场争论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人 —— 包

括普通的听众和观众 —— 对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。 135．The BBC “isn’t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word “broke”, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?

结构分析：so连接两个因果关系的句子；they say 是插入语；which引导非限

定性定语从句，指代前面主句的内容The BBC “isn’t broke”。

参考译文：他们说“BBC没有破产”，意思是说公司没有垮，那干吗自找麻烦去

改变它呢？ 136．But it is the arrival of new satellite channels —funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions —which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

结构分析：本句使用了强调结构“it is… which…”；被强调的是主语the

arrival of new satellite channels；插入结构funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions修饰new satellite channels，and连接两个partly by…。

参考译文：但新的卫星频道的出现 —— 部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户

收视费 —— 从长远来看会带来最大的变化。 137．A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional

geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local

结构分析：这是一个并列句，两个分句由连词whereas 连接，说明两种不同

的情况；第一个分句中，A rather similar process of differentiation是主语，has led to谓语，带主语的动名词短语 professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies做介词to的宾语；第二个句子的主要

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结构是the amateurs have tended either to do…or to do…；tend to do表示“往往……”；either…or…表示“要么……要么……”。

参考译文：地质科研人员中也发生着相似的分化现象，这使得全国专业地质人

员逐渐形成了一两个特定的科研协会，而业余科研爱好者往往要么呆在地方协会中，要么以另一种方式组成全国性的机构。 138．A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital

divide--the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是A great deal of attention is being paid to

digital divide…；破折号后面的部分是digital divide的同位语，进一步说明digital divide；division of A into B and C表示“把A分为B和C”。

参考译文：现在越来越多的人开始关注所谓的信息差异——即世界被划分成信

息富有阶层和信息贫穷阶层。 139．As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the

interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.

结构分析：本句是复合句：As引导时间状语从句（表示“随着……”），it is

in the interest of business to universalize access是主句；主句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to universalize access；破折号后面的部分（“the more…，the more…”结构）进一步解释说明前面的主句。

参考译文：随着互联网的日趋商业化，上网普及对商家是有利的。毕竟，上网

人数越多， 潜在的客户就越多。 140．To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have

to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是some impoverished countries will have to get

over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices；前面的不定式（To take advantage of this tool）是目的状语。

参考译文：要想利用互联网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时的

反殖民主义的种种偏见。 141．The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave

infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be.

结构分析：该句用了“the more…，the more…”的结构；The more foreign

capital做have的宾语；help sb. do sth表示“帮助某人做某事”；逗号之间的非限定性定语从句which today is an electronic

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infrastructure 修饰Third Wave infrastructure；well-off (比较级是better-off)表示“手头宽裕的, 繁荣昌盛的”。

参考译文：你拥有的能帮助建造第三次浪潮基础设施（即当今信息通信基础设

施）的外国投资越多，你将来就会越富有。

142．Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings

about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是this project has turned out to be mostly

low-level findings…；turned out to be表示“结果是”；三个名词短语factual errors，spelling and grammar mistakes, lots of head-scratching puzzlement做第一个about的宾语；what in the world those readers really want做第二个about的宾语。

参考译文：遗憾的是，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果都是一些肤浅的发现，

诸如事实误差，拼写及语法错误，以及特别令人费解的困惑；比如那些读者到底想要读些什么。 143．In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom

culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是 there is a conventional story line…；定

语从句that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news修饰conventional story line；otherwise表示“否则”。

参考译文：换言之，新闻编辑圈内有一套规范的编写方针，这为新闻报道提供

了主要结构框架以及可以直接套用的叙述结构。如果没有这些，新闻内容就会一团糟, 让人摸不着头脑。 144．There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and

their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是There exists a social and cultural disconnect

between…and…；引导非限定性定语从句的which 指前面主句的内容；该从句的主要结构是which helps explain why …；why引导从句做explain的宾语。

参考译文：新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化的隔阂，这就是为什么新闻

编辑室的“标准模式”对许多读者来说那么陌生的原因。 145．The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy

or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The astonishing distrust of the news media

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isn’t rooted in … but in …；“the daily clash … between …and…” 表示“…和…之间的冲突”。

参考译文：对新闻媒体的令人惊讶的不信任态度并非由于有事实误差或是新闻

报告水平低下，而是由于记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着冲突。 146．If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly

on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education and class.

结构分析：本句是复合句：if引导虚拟条件状语从句，it would open up…

是主句；主句的主要结构是it would open up its diversity program…and look for reporters …；and连接两个动宾词组（open up its diversity program以及look for reporters），与would一起做谓语； 过去分词短语now focused narrowly on race and gender做插入结构，补充说明its diversity program；定语从句who differ broadly by outlook, values, education and class修饰reporters。

参考译文：如果新闻界真的注意到问题的关键，它就会拓展它的雇员多样化计

划（该计划目前只考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工），去雇佣那些在世界观、价值观、教育背景及社会阶层方面各不相同的记者。 147．International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of

production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是International affiliates account for a

fast-growing segment of production…；定语从句that open up and welcome foreign investment修饰economies。

参考译文：跨国公司在世界各地建立分公司，促进各国对外开放引进外资后生

产力迅速发展。 148．This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller

economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是This phenomenon has created serious concerns

over …and over …；concerns后面接两个做定语的介词短语over…（concerns over…表示“对……关注”）；两个of介词短语of smaller economic firms和 of national businessmen一起修饰the role。

参考译文：这种现象引起了人们对小型经济实体和国内企业的作用以及对世界

经济的最终稳定等问题的强烈关注。

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149．I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave

are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是I believe that the most important

forces …are the same that…；that引导定语从句that underlie the globalization process做the same的定语；冒号后面三个名词短语falling transportation and communication costs/ lower trade and investment barriers/ enlarged markets that…是the most important forces的同位语，起补充说明作用；定语从句that require…修饰enlarged markets；形容词短语capable of meeting customers’ demands做定语，修饰enlarged operations。

参考译文：我认为巨大的经济并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力，同时也是促进

全球化进程的那方基石：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及大幅度拓展市场，这些都要求更大规模的经营管理以满足消费者的需求。 150．And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending

competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?

结构分析：本句的主要结构是should one country take … the role…？that

引导定语从句 that affect many other nations 修饰issues。

参考译文：当处理的问题牵涉许多国家时，比如像在美国政府与微软件公司的

诉讼案子中，国家应该不应该扮演“自由竞争保卫者”的角色？ 151．It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是It has long been known that…；it是形式主

语，that…their phone directories是主语从句；主语从句是个复合句：主句是a taxi firm… has a big advantage over Zodiac cars，has a big advantage over作谓语，意思是“比……占有优势”，引出两个比较的对象（AAAA cars和Zodiac cars），过去分词短语called AAAA cars修饰a taxi firm，从句是when引导的时间状语从句。

参考译文：众所周知，当顾客翻寻电话号码簿的时候，名为AAAA的出租车公

司就比名叫Zodiac的公司占有优势。 152．Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over

Zoë Zysman.

结构分析：这是个倒装句：Less 起否定作用，用在句首时，后面句子用部分

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倒装词序，正常顺序是The advantage … Zoë Zysman is less well known；that引导的定语从句修饰the advantage；定语从句中用了“A has the advantage over B”（A比B占优势）结构。

参考译文：有一点还不太为人所知，Adam Abbott在生活中比Zoë Zysman拥

有优势。 153．One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the

alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. 结构分析：本句的结构是One theory…is that…；过去分词短语dreamt up in

all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged是插入结构，补充说明one theory；that the rot sets in early是表语从句。

参考译文：有一种理论（那些字母表上列位不佳者闲时构想出来的）认为情况

从一开始就很糟。 154．When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her

nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. 结构分析：第一个句子中，when引导时间状语从句，When it comes to…常

见于句首，意为“当谈论到…”；第二个句子中，as … as… 引导比较状语从句；she’d like to后面承前省略了动词cut, file or polish。

参考译文：经济发展减缓，Ellen Spero还不至于咬指甲，但这位47岁的指

甲修剪师的修指甲、美指甲的业务也不如所希望的那样多了。 155．I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned

about saving some dollars.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是I provide a service…；that 引导的定语从句

that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars修饰a service；定语从句是个复合句：主句是that people can do without，从句是when they’re concerned about saving some dollars；do without… 表示“没有…也行”。

参考译文：我提供的服务属于当人们想省钱的时候不要也行的服务。 156．For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between

Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是…the cautious approach is coming …；who

引导的非限制定语从句who last year … and Christmas修饰retailers； For retailers…作状语，表示“对零售商而言”。

参考译文：对零售商而言，去年24%的年收入来自感恩节到圣诞节之间的营业，

谨慎的营销方式适逢关键时刻。

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157．In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.

结构分析：本句是复合句：主句是prices are still rising ，从句是as

frenzied overbidding quiets；as引导时间状语从句，表示“随着……”。

参考译文：在旧金山，随着狂热投标的降温，房价仍在不断上涨。 158．Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,

which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是Many consumers seem to have been influenced

by stock-market swings(“seem to be influenced by…”表示“似乎受到…的影响”)；which引导非限定性定语从句which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom，修饰stock-market swings；view…as表示“把……看作/视为……”。

参考译文：消费者似乎受到证券市场波动的影响，而这些波动在今天的投资者

看来是经济持续增长的必然因素。 159．Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms

traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是Ravitch’s latest book … traces the roots…；

Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms书名，做Ravitch’s latest book的同位语；concluding they are … intellectual pursuits做traces的状语；省略了引导词that的宾语从句（that）they are … intellectual pursuits做concluding的宾语。trace the roots of 表示“追溯根源”，anything but…表示“根本就不…”。

参考译文：Ravitch最近出的书《回顾：一百年来学校改革的失败》探究了学

校中反学识倾向的根源，结论认为，学校根本没能制衡美国人对学识追求的厌恶。 160．Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable

to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy.

结构分析：第一句的主要结构是Encouraging … leaves them

vulnerable…(“leave+宾语+宾语补足语”结构)；动名词短语Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind（“encourage sb to do”结构）做主语，vulnerable to exploitation and control是宾语补足语；第二个句子中，三个不定式短语to think critically/to defend their ideas /and （to） understand the

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ideas of others作定语，修饰the ability。

参考译文：鼓励孩子放弃精神上的追求，会使他们容易被利用和控制。如果孩

子们不能批评性地思考，不能维护自己的思想，不能理解其他人的观念，他们也就不能充分地参与民主社会。 161．Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of

people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Hofstadter says …；省略了引导词that的 宾

语从句（that）our country’s educational system…intellectual promise做says的宾语；宾语从句的主要结构是our country’s educational system is in the grips of people…；定语从句who “joyfully and militantly … intellectual promise修饰people；定语从句的主要结构是who … proclaim their hostility … and their eagerness …；and连接proclaim的两个宾语their hostility … 和their eagerness …；定语从句who show the least intellectual promise修饰children。

参考译文：Hofstadter说，我们的教育制度被那些人牢牢控制，他们“得意

而咄咄逼人地宣扬自己对学识的敌视，宣扬自己对最缺乏学识的孩子的认同”。 162．Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show

them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是Your humor must be relevant… and should help

to…，and连接两个谓语动词must be relevant…和should help to…；不定式to show them that … or that …point of view做谓语动词help的宾语；两个宾语从句that … or that …做show的直接宾语；宾语从句that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view中，and连接两个谓语understand their situation 以及are in sympathy with their point of view。

参考译文：幽默必须与听众有关系，应能表明你是他们的一员，或者能表明你

理解他们的处境，赞同他们的观点。 163．If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in

a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. 结构分析：本句是复合句：if 引导条件状语从句，主句是you will be… in

ties；条件状语从句中，主要结构是you are part of the group…，

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which引导定语从句which you are addressing修饰the group；主句里有两个并列句：you will be … 和it'll be appropriate for you to make…；定语从句which are common to all of you修饰the experiences and problems；it'll be appropriate for you to make…中it是形式主语，真正的主语是带主语的不定式for you to make…，是“it is +形容词+for sb. to do”结构。

参考译文：如果你是听众的一员，你就很能了解你们共同的经历和问题，而且

你对餐厅中难以下咽的食品或主席没有品味的领带随便开个玩笑也是合适的。 164．Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you

can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. 结构分析：本句是一个祈使句；定语从句which you can deliver in a relaxed

and unforced manner修饰remarks。

参考译文：你应该（在讲话中）还包括一些随意的似乎是脱口而出的评论，这

些评论要以放松自然的方式来表达。 165．Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak

slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

结构分析： so连接两个并列句，前后是因果关系；前面的句子是强调结构

（it’s…which…），强调主语；后面的句子是祈使句，谓语动词是speak 和 remember；remember 后面接that引导的宾语从句；宾语从句的主要结构是a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show…；show后面又接that引导的宾语从句you are making a light-hearted remark。

参考译文：通常就是表达本身逗人发笑，所以你得慢慢地说，要记住，抬起眉

头或摆出难以置信的神情会让人知道你在开玩笑。 166．Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people devised ever more cunning

tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome or just plain nasty. 结构分析：介词 since 引导时间状语；后面部分的主要结构是people devised

ever more cunning tools…；不定式to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome or just plain nasty做定语修饰more cunning tools；定语从句that is dangerous, boring, burdensome or just plain nasty修饰work。

参考译文：自从人类开始发明创造以来，人类便一直在设计越来越灵巧的工具，

去应付那些危险、枯燥、繁重或实在不堪忍受的工作。

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167．As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent

gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是the modern world is increasingly populated

by…；两个定语从句whose presence… but whose universal existence…修饰intelligent gizmos。

参考译文：因此，当今世界出现越来越多的智能小玩意，我们几乎不太注意它

们的存在，但它们的广泛存在已经替代了不少的人类劳动。 168．And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and

micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是…there are already robot systems …；thanks

to…引出原因状语；定语从句that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery…修饰robot systems；far greater precision … alone做插入结构，补充说明submillimeter accuracy；greater…than…是比较状语从句，than后面接句子。

参考译文：而且，受益于不断微型化的电子技术及微型机械技术，现在已经出

现了一些机器人系统能做精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨髓手术，这种精确度远非高水平的医生所能及。 169．But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they

will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.

结构分析：本句是复合句：if引导条件状语从句，they will…是主句；主句

的主要结构是they will have to … and be able to…， and连接谓语部分两个主要动词have to …和be able to…；goals that pose a real challenge是插入结构，对主句作出评论；定语从句that pose a real challenge修饰goals。

参考译文：但是，如果要让机器人更进一步帮人类省力，它们必须在更少的人

力监督之下工作，并至少能独立进行一些决策——这是一个真正的挑战。 170．But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately

disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是the human mind can

glimpse …and …disregard…，and连接谓语部分两个动词短语：

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glimpse …和disregard…；定语从句that is irrelevant修饰the 98 percent；现在分词短语focusing on …big crowd做disregard的伴随状语；or连接两个名词短语 the monkey at the side of a winding forest road 和the single suspicious face in a big crowd做on的宾语。

参考译文：但是人脑却能迅速瞄一眼飞快变化的场景，然后立刻放弃98%的

不相关部分，而马上聚焦在一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子身上，或茫茫人海中的一张可疑的面孔。 171．Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the

northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Strengthening economic growth… could push

the price higher…；at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere 做插入结构。

参考译文：强劲的经济增长，加上北半球面临冬季，石油价格近期内还会上升。 172．In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

结构分析：so连接两个分句，前后是因果关系；后面句子的主要结构

是…changes… have a more muted effect on…；more…than…是比较结构。

参考译文：在欧洲，税收占零售价的五分之四之多，因此，即使原油价格发生

很大的波动，汽油价格所受的影响也不会像过去那么显著。 173. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the

importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. 结构分析：本句是简单句，主语是三个名词短语Energy conservation / a shift

to other fuels / a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries；谓语部分是have reduced oil consumption。

参考译文：能源储备、转用其他燃料以及能源密集型重工业的重要性的降低，

都使石油消耗减少。 174. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices

averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25～0.5% of GDP.

结构分析：本句的主要结构结构是The OECD estimates…that…；estimates

的宾语是个复合句：if引导条件状语从句，主句是this would

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increase the oil import bill…；this指代if 引导的条件句的内容。

参考译文：经济合作与发展组织（OECD）在最近一期的《经济瞭望》中估计，

如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右，与1998年的13美元一桶相比，这也只会使发达国家的石油进口支出在GDP中所占的比例增加0.25～0.5个百分点。 175. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,

unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是One more reason… is that…；不定式not to

lose sleep over the rise in oil prices做one more reason的定语；that引导表语从句,其主要结构是it has not occurred against…；unlike the rises in the 1970s做插入结构；it指代the rise in oil prices。

参考译文：还有一个理由让我们不必为油价上升而失眠，与20世纪70年代不

同，这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的商品价格暴涨及全球需求过旺的背景之下。 176．The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry

important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The Supreme Court's decisions…carry

important implications…；how引导的宾语从句how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering作for的宾语。

参考译文：最高法庭关于医生帮助下的自杀问题的裁决，会对医疗界寻求如何

用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这一问题产生重要的影响。 177．Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to a

physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effort supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen— is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 结构分析：本句是复合句：although引导让步状语从句，主句是the Court …

supported the medical principle of “double effect”…；在让步状语从句中，宾语从句that there is no constitutional right to a physician-assisted suicide做ruled的宾语；在主句中，a centuries-old moral principle…做the medical principle的同位语；现在分词短语holding that…修饰a centuries-old moral principle；holding的宾语从句是个复合句：主句是an action … is permissible,从句是the actor intends only the good effect；

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现在分词having two effects修饰an action；a good one… and a harmful one …是two effects的同位语；定语从句that is intended以及that is foreseen分别修饰前面的名词。

参考译文：尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高

法院实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。 178．Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that

the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patient sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.” 结构分析：本句的主要结构是Nancy Dubler…contends that…；director of

Montefiore Medical Center是Nancy Dubler的同位语；that引导宾语从句that the principle will shield doctors who…做contends的宾语，其主要结构是the principle will shield doctors…；定语从句who “until now have very, very strongly insisted … hasten death”修饰doctors；在该定语从句中，insisted的宾语是从句that they … hasten death；该宾语从句是复合句：they could not give patient sufficient mediation to control their pain是主句，if that might hasten death是条件状语从句。

参考译文：蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·都博勒认为，这项原则将消除部分

医生的疑虑，这些医生“在此之前一直强烈地认为，如果给病人充足的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话，那就不能这样做。” 179. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the

assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是many … acknowledge that…；that引导宾语

从句that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled …agony of dying做acknowledge的宾语；该宾语从句的主要结构是the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled… by…；定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying修饰patients。

参考译文：另一方面，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医生帮助病人自杀这场争论

升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医生帮助病人延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。

180. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged,

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biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Researchers have established that…；that

引导宾语从句that when…memory，做have established的宾语；宾语从句是个复合句：从句是when people are mentally engaged，主句是biochemical … memory，主句的主要结构是biochemical changes occur…；that引导的定语从句that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory修饰biochemical changes。

参考译文：研究人员证实，人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头

脑在注意离和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效地活动。

181．It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of

“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 结构分析: 本句的主要结构是It identifies the under-treatment of pain

and the aggressive use of …as the twin problems…(“identify A as B”结构)；the under-treatment of pain 和the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying”是identifies的两个宾语；定语从句that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying修饰medical procedures。

参考译文：报告指出了医院临终医护存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不力和盲目

大胆使用“有可能延长死亡期甚至让死亡过程蒙羞的无效并且强制性的医疗程序”。 182．The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in

World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是The American spymaster… was fascinated with

information；定语从句who built … for the CIA 修饰the American spymaster；该定语从句中，and连接两个谓语built the Office of Strategic Services…和 laid the roots for the CIA。

参考译文：这位美国间谍大王尤为情报着迷，他曾经在第二次世界大战时创建

了战略事务办公室，后来又为中央情报局的成立打下了基础。 183．These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes

as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是the Net … is reshaping Donovan’s vocation；

非限定性定语从句which has … sending mail修饰the Net；其中有such…as… 的结构。

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参考译文：如今，互联网已经改变了买书和寄信这样的日常活动，也正在改变

多诺汶曾经从事的这个职业。 184．The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open

Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是The winner… was a tiny Virginia company…；

by a large margin 是插入结构；过去分词called Open Source Solutions 修饰a tiny Virginia company；定语从句whose clear advantage… world修饰a tiny Virginia company。

参考译文：以绝对优势胜出的是弗吉尼亚的一家小公司，名为“公开渠道咨询

公司”，它的明显优势是对电子世界的全面把握。 185．Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington

back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like…；

whereby相当于by which，引导从句作进一步说明；on the chance 后面接的是省略了that的从句；on the chance （that）…表示“心想也许会…”。

参考译文：司特雷福公司的简报不像华盛顿当局的常规公文那样出言谨慎，尽

量避免激烈的措辞。 186．All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good

people do nothing.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是All … is that good people do nothing；第

一个that引导定语从句that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause修饰all，that在定语从句中做主语；第二个that引导表语从句。

参考译文：那些给人带来误导的事情之所以能得逞，就是因为好人没有采取行

动。 187．Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose

arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是Scientists need to respond … to animal

rights advocates；非限定性定语从句whose arguments… care修饰animal rights advocates；该定语从句中，and连接谓语两部分：confusing the public 和 thereby threatening advances…。

参考译文：科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的回应，因为他们的言论

混淆了公众的视听，从而威胁到健康医疗知识方面的进步。 188．For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth

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at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines.

结构分析：本句的主要结构结构是a grandmotherly woman … was

distributing a brochure…；现在分词短语staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair作a grandmotherly woman的定语；定语从句that encouraged readers … medicines修饰a brochure；修饰anything的定语从句that comes from or is tested in animals中，or连接两个谓语动词comes from 和is tested in，animals同时做comes from 和 is tested in的宾语；插入结构no meat, no fur, no medicines补充说明anything that comes from or is tested in animals。

参考译文：例如，在近期的一次集市上，一位老奶奶站在动物权利宣传点前散

发小册子，规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品 —— 肉类，毛皮，药物。 190．To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce

these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. 结构分析：本句的主要结构结构是…animal research seems wasteful at best

and cruel at worst；To those…表示“对于那些人来说”；定语从句who are unaware …vaccines修饰those；宾语从句that animal research was needed to produce…做are aware的宾语；在该宾语从句中，其主要结构是animal research was needed…；不定式to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines做目的状语，修饰was needed。

参考译文：许多人不明白获得这些治疗法、以及新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进

行动物试验。对于他们来说，动物试验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍。

191．Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health

research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.

结构分析：本句是复合句：because引导原因状语从句，the health research

community should … treatment是主句；主句的主要结构是the health research community should … recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities…but all …；not only well-known personalities…but all …是recruit的宾语；非限定性定语从句who has made courageous statements about the value of animal

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research修饰Stephen Cooper；定语从句who receive medical treatment修饰all。

参考译文：最后，因为最终决定因素是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取

斯蒂芬 · 库柏这样的名人的支持 —— 他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定 —— 而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。 192．But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling

long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是many shippers complain that…；宾语从句that

for heavy bulk commodities … them by the throat做complain的宾语；现在分词短语traveling long distances做定语，修饰heavy bulk commodities；such as coal, chemicals, and grain列举heavy bulk commodities；for heavy bulk commodities …表示“对于大宗商品来说”；and连接宾语从句里两个并列分句trucking is too costly 和 the railroads therefore have them by the throat。

参考译文：但许多发货商却抱怨说，对于依赖长途运输的大宗商品来说，如煤

炭、化学制品和粮食，由于公路运输花费太大，这样铁路公司就会“掐他们的脖子”。 193．Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal

to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. 结构分析：本句由but连接两个并列句；第一个分句的主要结构是Shippers …

have the right…；定语从句who feel they are being overcharged修饰shippers；不定式to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief做定语，修饰the right；该不定式的结构是appeal to A for B，表示“为了B上诉到A”；第二个分句中，and连接两个谓语部分：is expensive, time consuming和will work。

参考译文：如果客户感到他们被敲诈了，他们有权上诉到联邦政府的“交通运

输协会” 提出指控，要求价格下调。但这个过程耗财又耗时，并且只有在极个别的案例中有效。 194．If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue,

shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

结构分析：本句是复合句：if 引导条件状语从句，主句是shippers … would

do so；主句的主要结构是shippers…keeping up the line；they argue是插入语；定语从句who have …of transportation修饰

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shippers；动词替代do so指代switch to trucks or other forms of transportation；现在分词短语leaving …the line做结果状语，修饰do so。

参考译文：他们争论说，如果铁路公司向所有客户收取同样价格的话，那么，

可以使用公路运输或其他交通工具的客户将会转移，使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开销。 195．It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice

it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.

结构分析：本句是由but 连接的两个分句；第一个分句的主要结构是it’s a

theory…；后面紧跟which 引导的定语从句to which many economists subscribe（subscribe…to…表示“认同；赞成”)；but 后边分句的主要结构是it often leaves railroads in the position of…（“leave+宾语+宾语补足语”结构）；determining 后接了两个并列的宾语从句：which companies will flourish 和which （companies） will fail。

参考译文：这种理论得到了多数经济学家的认同，但在实际操作中，它使铁路

公司获得了一个决定谁败谁荣的权利。 196．Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled,

cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.

结构分析：本句是三个并列分句；clinical depression controlled 和

cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure承上文省略了谓语部分中相同的can be：clinical depression (can be) controlled, cataracts (can be) removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure

参考译文：髋骨出了毛病可以更换，临床的忧郁症可以得到控制，白内障仅用

30分钟手术便可以切除。 197．Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand

everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. 结构分析：本句是复合句：主句是…we demand everything…，从句是even if

it’s useless；过去分词短语Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care作原因状语；定语从句that can possibly be done for us修饰everything；even if it’s useless中的it指代 everything（that can possibly be done for us）。

参考译文：由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们常常要求医生为我们用尽所有的

医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何作用。

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198．Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and

fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是Physicians … offer aggressive treatment…；

过去分词短语frustrated by their inability to cure the disease 和现在分词短语fearing loss of hope in the patient 做插入结构，修饰physicians；what is scientifically justified做far beyond的宾语。

参考译文：医生由于不能治愈疾病，同时又担心病人失去希望，常常采用极端

大胆的治疗方法，这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。 199．I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far

less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.

结构分析：本句的主要结构是I know that…；that引导宾语从句that

people … have做know的宾语；宾语从句的主要结构是people…have achieved longer, healthier lives …；名词短语countries that spend far less on medical care做Japan and Sweden的同位语；定语从句that spend far less on medical care修饰countries；longer, healthier … than…是比较结构。

参考译文：我也深知在医疗开销少得多的日本和瑞典， 这两个国家的人民比

我们更长寿、更健康。

200. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of

many years and their extended family relationship, the informal flow of information will be cut off and with it their confidence that information which will be available when needed will be reliable and trustworthy.

结构分析：本句是复合句：as引导时间状语从句， the informal flow of

information will be cut off and with it …trustworthy是主句；三个名词短语their stable community/ their friends of many years/ their extended family relationship同时做move away from的宾语；with it their confidence that information which will be available when needed will be reliable and trustworthy是个名词短语，中心名词是their confidence，承前省略了谓语部分will be cut off,完整的结构是with it their confidence that information which will be available when needed will be reliable and trustworthy（will be cut off）；其余部分都是修饰语：that information …trustworthy是their confidence的同位语从句，该同位语从句的主要结构是information…will be reliable and trustworthy,定语从句which will be available when needed修饰

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information，with it中的it指代the informal flow of information。

参考译文: 当一些家庭搬离了原来稳定的社区、告别了多年的朋友并且断绝了

大家庭的社会关系，非正式的信息流通渠道就被切断了，这样他们的信心也荡然无存了，这种信心是在他们需要信息时就能得到信息，并且得到的信息很可靠很值得信赖。

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30句长难句练习 （非历年真题中的句子）

1. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a

critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of workers and clients from the owner’s ethnic group.

2. It is only by a certain effort of will that I can overcome this impulse,

which was generated by the years during which I had to find my way among a set of foolish prohibitions.

3. Initially interested in expert performances like musicians, he found

that many ostensible geniuses aren’t really so different from everyone else – they just practice harder and longer, benefiting from sheer labor, rather than from some special gift.

4. The link between the government's actions and the destruction of human

embryos is even closer here than in the case of vaccine companies using fetal tissue from abortions, because in the present case the taking of human life was done precisely in order to provide cells for research and in some cases precisely to qualify for federal research grants. 5. To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put

subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.

6. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist

innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will create havoc with the results on which they are measured. 7. It would be strange to insist that today’s technology shouldn’t be used to make the classroom experience more individualized, more effective, more immediate, more exciting.

8. This is as true of the contemporary United States as it is of the modern Arab world, where in each instance respectively so much has been made of the dangers of “un-Americanism” and the threats to “Arabism”. 9. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.”

10. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as

annoyances, a negative image that is hurting sales, since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners, preferring not to support the systems that put them in place。

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11. The way in which the world has developed during the last fifty years

has brought about in me changes opposite to those which are supposed to be typical of old age.

12. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our world, not

only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers.

13. If such collaboration with abortion has already taken place, and the

only vaccine made available for serious diseases contains material that was cultured in fetal tissue from an abortion, may Catholics -- out of concern for their own health or that of their children or the community -- submit to this vaccine without committing serious sin? 14. If you do not make your own decisions and make decisions that will

benefit you, your life would be a big lie to yourself, which is not a sign that you have done something you wanted to do.

15. We designed the contract in response to requests from clients who were

asking if there was some specialized legal mechanism that could be used to protect businesses from unfair sexual harassment claims, especially those involving a higher-level executive and an employee under his or her direction.

16. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound

understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways.

17. To defend his recent decision on stem cell research, President Bush

has compared it to the moral judgment that it may be acceptable to use a vaccine cultured in fetal tissue that ultimately came from induced abortions.

18. After examining three of the 18 sites connected with the Annenberg

grants, the report concludes that while the money spent may have made “small footprints” on the school systems, it has not come close to the stated goal of reforming the system.

19. Many people in the education establishment are skeptical of parent

surveys, saying that parents who do not care about academics are embarrassed to say so. 20. Men feel happier knowing that their wives is having as much medical attention as possible despite the fact that what their wives actually need is some peace and the freedom to shout and scream without being made to feel self-conscious. 21. This combination of rationalism and secularism enabled the Greeks to

think freely and to express their thoughts and emotions on their great

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literary, philosophical, and artistic creations, which are relevant and compelling to the present day.

22. However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity --- the value of goods

manufactured divided by the amount of labor input --- did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns.

23. A more immediate ethical dilemma that scientists face in the coming

years is deciding how much of the genetic code should be made public and how much companies should have the right to patent to fund their research.

24. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our

casual and leisurely web surfing, we’ll click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus, in theory, buy the products advertised.

25. However, a child born into a society with a pattern of language is

encouraged to make a small selection of sounds and to make these few sounds over and over until it is natural for him to make these sounds and no others.

26. He has been revered by generations of teachers inspired by the belief that children are not empty vessels to be filled with knowledge (as traditional pedagogical theory had it) but active builders of knowledge -- little scientists who are constantly creating and testing their own theories of the world.

27. Moreover, in any country where population presses hard upon natural

resources, the general economic situation is apt to be so precarious that government control of capital and labor, production and consumption becomes inevitable.

28. Thus shall we live, because we will have created a society which

recognizes that all people are born equal, with each entitled in equal measure to life, liberty, prosperity, human rights and good governance. 29. The federal government is choosing here and now to cooperate with

researchers who have destroyed human embryos, and even in some cases to reward them with research grants, since these researchers have the most immediate access to the cell lines thereby created.

30. I have no patience with the position that “we” should only or mainly

be concerned with what is “ours”, any more than I can forgive reactions to such a view that requires Arabs to read Arab books, use Arab methods, and the like.

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30句长难句结构分析以及参考译文：

1. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a

critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of workers and clients from the owner’s ethnic group.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：this analysis indicates that…，that引导从

句，做谓语动词indicates的宾语。在宾语从句里，主干部分是support networks play a critical role。介词短语in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises 做前面的play a critical role的地点状语；介词短语by providing owners with a range of assistance…做前面的play a critical role的方式状语；介词短语from … to …做前面的名词assistance的定语；介词短语of family members and friends 做前面的名词短语the informal encouragement的定语；介词短语of workers and clients做前面的名词短语 dependable sources的定语；介词短语from the owner’s ethnic group做前面的名词短语workers and clients的定语。Specifically做插入语。

参考译文：具体说，这种分析表明，支持网络，通过向业主提供从家庭成员和

朋友到来自业主本民族的工人和客户的可靠来源等一系列的帮助，在开创和经营少数民族企业中起了关键性的作用。

2. It is only by a certain effort of will that I can overcome this impulse,

which was generated by the years during which I had to find my way among a set of foolish prohibitions.

结构分析：该句是由It is …that…引导的强调结构，被强调的是方式状语

only by a certain effort of will。句子的主干部分是…I can overcome this impulse…。第一个which引导非限定性定语从句， which在从句中做主语，从句的主要结构是“which was generated by…”；第二个which引导限定性定语从句，which在从句中做介词during的宾语；主干部分为I had to find my way…，介词短语among a set of foolish prohibitions做不定式to find my way的地点状语。

参考译文：只有通过一定的意志力我才能克服这种冲动，这种冲动出现在那种

年代，当时我必须从一系列愚蠢的禁令中寻求出路。

3. Initially interested in expert performances like musicians, he found

that many ostensible geniuses aren’t really so different from everyone else – they just practice harder and longer, benefiting from sheer labor, rather than from some special gift.

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结构分析：该句主干成分为：…he found that …。过去分词短语interested …

musicians做原因状语，修饰谓语动词found。That引导宾语从句；在宾语从句里，主干部分为many ostensible geniuses aren’t … different from everyone else。破折号后面的句子补充说明many ostensible geniuses aren’t really so different from everyone else。在破折号后面的句子里，现在分词短语benefiting from sheer labor做结果状语，rather than 连接两个介词短语from sheer labor 和from some special gift。

参考译文：埃里克森最初对音乐家等的专业表演很感兴趣，他发现，许多看似

天才的人物其实与别人相比无太大的不同，他们只是练习得更刻苦、时间更长，从勤奋劳动中受益，而不是从某种特殊的天赋中得益。

4. The link between the government's actions and the destruction of human

embryos is even closer here than in the case of vaccine companies using fetal tissue from abortions, because in the present case the taking of human life was done precisely in order to provide cells for research and in some cases precisely to qualify for federal research grants. 结构分析：该句是个复合句：主句的主干部分是The link … is even closer …

than…，从句是because引导的句子。在主句中，The link between … and …表示“… 和…之间的联系/关系”； 现在分词using fetal tissue…做定语，修饰前面的vaccine companies；介词短语from abortions修饰前面的名词fetal tissue。在because引导的原因状语从句中，主干部分是…the taking of human life was done…；in the present case做状语；and连接两个不定式in order to provide… and … to qualify…做目的状语，in the present case 与in some cases相对应。

参考译文：政府行为与破坏人体胚胎之间的关系甚至密切于使用堕胎胎儿组织

的疫苗公司，因为就目前的情况看，剥夺人的生命权就是为了提供研究用的细胞，有时就是为了有资格争取联邦研究资金。

5. To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put

subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：…researchers have put subjects…。不定式

To determine the consequences of sleep deficit做目的状语。put through…表示“使从事…, 使经受…”；现在分词requiring them to add… or to recall…做定语，修饰前面的a set of psychological and performance tests；or连接两个不定式。

参考译文：为了检查睡眠不足所产生的后果，研究人员对研究对象进行了一系

列心理和行为测试，比如，要他们加几行数字，或是回忆几分钟之前给他们读的一篇文章。

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6. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist

innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will create havoc with the results on which they are measured. 结构分析：该句是个复合句：主句中的主干部分是managers … will resist

innovation；because引导原因状语从句。在主句里，介词短语under pressure…做定语，修饰前面的名词managers；不定式to maximize cost-cutting做定语，修饰前面的名词pressure。在because从句里，主干部分是they know that…；that引导从句，做know的宾语；在that引导的宾语从句里，主干部分是more fundamental changes… will create havoc…；介词短语in processes or systems做定语，修饰前面的名词短语more fundamental changes。Which引导定语从句，修饰前面的the results，on which在定语从句中做状语。

参考译文：管生产的经理压力太大，要最大限度地降低成本，就会抵制革新，

因为他们知道，在程序和系统方面进行更多的根本性改革将破坏那些用来评价他们的成果。

7. It would be strange to insist that today’s technology shouldn’t be used to make the classroom experience more individualized, more effective, more immediate, more exciting.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：It would be strange to insist …，it是形式

主语，不定式to insist….more exciting是句子的真主语。在不定式里，that引导从句做insist的宾语，在that引导的宾语从句里，主干部分是today’s technology shouldn’t be used to make…，不定式to make … more exciting做目的状语；more individualized, more effective, more immediate, more exciting是并列成分，一起做the classroom experience的宾语补足语。

参考译文：如果坚持认为今天的技术不应当用来使课堂经验变得更个性化、更有

效、更直接、更激动人心那就奇怪了。

8. This is as true of the contemporary United States as it is of the modern Arab world, where in each instance respectively so much has been made of the dangers of “un-Americanism” and the threats to “Arabism”. 结构分析：该句主干成分为：This is as true of the contemporary United

States as it is…，其中as…as…为比较结构。as it is of the modern Arab world中承前面省略了形容词true。Where引导非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的名词短语the modern Arab world；在非限定性定语从句里，主干部分为…so much has been made…；so much是主语；被动语态部分转换为主动语态为：make much of （重视）…；and连接两个名词短语the dangers of “un-Americanism” 和the threats to “Arabism”。

参考译文：在阿拉伯社会的各种场合，人们大肆渲染“非美国主义”的危险和对

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“阿拉伯主义”的威胁，这种情况在现代美国也是一样。

9. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.”

结构分析：该句主干成分为：Kohler … accounts for this by saying that …

两个逗号中间部分in referring … physics 把句子的主语和谓语部分分隔开。that “people were acquainted with … scientific psychology” 做saying的宾语，在引号里，主干成分为people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life …，时间状语是a long time before the founding of scientific psychology。

参考译文：考勒在谈到心理学与物理学相比缺少伟大的发现时，解释了这一点，

他说“在创建科学心理学以前很长时间，人们就已经非常熟悉精神生活中几乎所有的领域。”

10. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as

annoyances, a negative image that is hurting sales, since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners, preferring not to support the systems that put them in place。 结构分析：该句主干成分为：Internet users respond…。respond to sth. by

doing sth.表示“通过做…来对…作出反应”。View … as …表示“把…看作…”。a negative image是前面的名词annoyances的同位语，第一个that引导从句做a negative image的定语， that在从句中做主语。Since引导原因状语从句，在原因状语从句里，现在分词短语preferring not to ….做原因状语，修饰前面的谓语部分are less reluctant，第二个that引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词the systems。

参考译文：网络用户对网络上大量的横幅标语作出的反应是感到心烦，这是不

利于销售的负面因素，因为网络用户不太愿意点击那些横幅标语，不愿意支持那些碍事的网站。

11. The way in which the world has developed during the last fifty years

has brought about in me changes opposite to those which are supposed to be typical of old age.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：The way … has brought about … changes …。

第一个which引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词the way，which做介词in的宾语。在定语从句里，主干部分是the world has developed…，介词短语during the last fifty years做时间状语。形容词短语opposite to those…做定语，修饰前面的名词changes。定语从句which are supposed to be typical of old age修饰前面的名词those (=changes)。

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参考译文：过去50年，世界发展的模式在我身上带来的变化同典型老年人所

经受的变化相反。

12. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our world, not

only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers.

结构分析：该句中if引导虚拟条件句，主句是not only would we …, we might

even find…。在if条件句里，erase …from…表示“从…抹去 …”。在主句部分，并列连词not only …, … even …连接两个句子。在第一个句子里，not only位于句首，所以用了部分倒装句词序；在第二个句子里，主干部分是we might find that…；that引导宾语从句，做find的宾语。在that宾语从句里，主干部分是the ordinary person was unable to …；cope with表示“应付”。

参考译文：如果我们从世界上抹去全部物理学的知识，我们就不仅没有汽车和

电视机，我们甚至可能会发现，普通人就无法顺利解决滑轮和杠杆这样的基本的力学问题。

13. If such collaboration with abortion has already taken place, and the

only vaccine made available for serious diseases contains material that was cultured in fetal tissue from an abortion, may Catholics -- out of concern for their own health or that of their children or the community -- submit to this vaccine without committing serious sin? 结构分析：该句分为两大部分：if引导的条件状语从句和主句。在if条件状

语从句里，and连接两个分句；在第一个分句里，主干部分是such collaboration … has already taken place；在第二个分句里，主干部分是the only vaccine…contains material…；过去分词短语made available for serious diseases做定语，修饰前面的名词the only vaccine（句型为“make …available for…”）；that引导定语从句，修饰前面的material，that在从句中做主语；介词短语in fetal tissue做状语，介词短语from an abortion做定语，修饰前面的fetal tissue。主句部分是may开头的一般疑问句；两个破折号中间部分把主语（Catholics）和谓语（submit）分隔开了；介词短语without committing serious sin做状语。

参考译文：如果与堕胎机构的联系已经发生了，而且重大疾病唯一可使用的疫

苗含有从流产的胎儿组织中培育出的材料，天主教徒们(出于对他们自己的健康，或他们的孩子，或社区的关心)可以毫无罪过地使用这些疫苗吗?

14. If you do not make your own decisions and make decisions that will

benefit you, your life would be a big lie to yourself, which is not a sign that you have done something you wanted to do. 结构分析：该句主要结构为：If you do not make your own decisions and make

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decisions…, your life would be a big lie …。If引导条件状语从句；在条件状语从句里， and连接两个谓语部分do not make your own decisions 和 make decisions…；第一个that引导的定语从句that will benefit you修饰前面的名词decisions，that在定语从句中做主语。在主句部分，主干部分是your life would be a big lie …；which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的a big lie，which在定语从句中做主语；第二个that引导同位语从句，修饰前面的a sign；在同位语从句里，主干部分是you have done something；省略了引导词的定语从句you wanted to do修饰前面的something。

参考译文：如果你不自作主张或者做出有利于你自己的决定，你的生活将是虚

伪的，这表明你没有做你意中的事。

15. We designed the contract in response to requests from clients who were

asking if there was some specialized legal mechanism that could be used to protect businesses from unfair sexual harassment claims, especially those involving a higher-level executive and an employee under his or her direction.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：We designed the contract…。in response to…

表示“响应…，适应…”；介词短语from clients修饰前面的名词requests；who引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词clients；if引导宾语从句，做asking的宾语；在宾语从句里，主干部分是there was some specialized legal mechanism…；that引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词specialized legal mechanism；that在定语从句中做主语，不定式to protect businesses from…做目的状语。Those （= unfair sexual harassment claims）做前面unfair sexual harassment claims的同位语；现在分词involving …direction修饰前面的those，做定语。

参考译文：我们根据客户的要求设计合同，客户们提出，是否有专门的法律机

制可以用来保护企业免遭不公平的性骚扰索赔，特别是那些涉及高级管理人员和他或她的下属之间的性骚扰索赔。

16. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound

understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：…the ordinary person has a great and profound

understanding…。In other words是插入语。And连接两个介词短语of the self和 of other people。Which引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词understanding，which在定语从句中做主语；though引导的让步状语部分though unformulated or only vaguely conceived承前面省略了主语和be 动词（which is）；

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该状语部分把定语从句的主语（which）和谓语部分（enables）分隔开了。Interact with… 表示“与…交往”；介词短语in more or less adaptive ways做动词短语to interact with others 的方式状语。

参考译文：换句话说，普通人非常了解自身和其他人，尽管这种了解没有得到

系统阐述，或者只是模糊地体会到，也能使人以多少适应的方式去和其他人交在。

17. To defend his recent decision on stem cell research, President Bush

has compared it to the moral judgment that it may be acceptable to use a vaccine cultured in fetal tissue that ultimately came from induced abortions.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：President Bush has compared it…。不定式

to defend …research做谓语动词compared的目的状语，compare … to…表示“把…比作…”。第一个that引导同位语从句，修饰前面的名词短语the moral judgment。在同位语从句中，it是形式主语，不定式to use … abortions是真主语；在不定式里，过去分词短语cultured in fetal tissue做定语，修饰前面的名词a vaccine。第二个that引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词短语fetal tissue。

参考译文：为了维护他新近提出的干细胞研究的决定，布什总统把它比作这

样一个道德问题：使用在引产的胎儿组织里培育出的疫苗可能是能够被接受的。

18. After examining three of the 18 sites connected with the Annenberg

grants, the report concludes that while the money spent may have made “small footprints” on the school systems, it has not come close to the stated goal of reforming the system.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：…the report concludes that …。介词短语

After examining …做时间状语，动名词短语examining…做介词after的宾语。That引导宾语从句，做concludes的宾语。在宾语从句里，while（“尽管”）引导让步状语从句，对应的主句是it has not come close to…；介词短语of reforming the system做定语，修饰前面的the stated goal。

参考译文：在调查了与安南伯格捐赠有关的18所试点学校中的3所之后，这

份报告认为，虽然花的钱也许会在学校体制中留下“些许痕迹”，但并没有接近改革教学制度的既定目标。

19. Many people in the education establishment are skeptical of parent

surveys, saying that parents who do not care about academics are embarrassed to say so.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：Many people … are skeptical of parent

surveys …。介词短语in the education establishment做定语，

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修饰前面的名词many people。现在分词短语saying that … say so做前面谓语部分are skeptical of parent surveys的原因状语。在该分词短语里，that引导宾语从句，做saying的宾语。在宾语从句里，主干部分是parents … are embarrassed to say so，其中who do not care about academics做parents的定语从句。

参考译文：许多教育机构的人对家长的调查持怀疑态度，他们说并不注重学术

的家长羞于说买话。

20. Men feel happier knowing that their wives is having as much medical attention as possible despite the fact that what their wives actually need is some peace and the freedom to shout and scream without being made to feel self-conscious. 结构分析：该句主干成分为：Men feel happier…。现在分词knowing…做原因状

语，修饰feel happier； that引导宾语从句，做knowing的宾语；宾语从句中的主干部分是 their wives is having as much medical attention as possible …；介词短语despite ….做让步状语；同位语从句that…修饰前面的名词the fact；在同位语从句里，主语从句what their wives actually need做主语；不定式to shout and scream without being made to feel self-conscious做定语，修饰前面的名词the freedom。

参考译文：男士们获知他们的妻子正享受最多的医疗照顾时，他们会感到高兴，

却不顾这样一个事实 -- 其妻子真正需要的是某种安宁以及大声呼喊和尖叫的自由，并不会因此感到不好意思。

21. This combination of rationalism and secularism enabled the Greeks to

think freely and to express their thoughts and emotions on their great literary, philosophical, and artistic creations, which are relevant and compelling to the present day. 结构分析：该句主干成分为：This combination of rationalism and secularism

enabled the Greeks….。 and连接的两个不定式to think freely和to express their thoughts and emotions…做句子的宾语补足语。介词短语on their great literary, philosophical, and artistic creations做前面两个不定式的状语。Which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的名词短语their great literary, philosophical, and artistic creations。在which定语从句里，which是主语，are relevant and compelling是系表结构，介词短语to the present day是时间状语。

参考译文：理性主义与世俗主义的结合，让希腊人能够在文学、哲学以及艺术

创作方面自由思考并表达自己的思想和情感。这些创作直到今天依然恰如其分，引人注目。

22. However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity --- the value of goods

manufactured divided by the amount of labor input --- did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity

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improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns. 结构分析：该句主干成分为：…productivity … did not improve; and …they

ran 25 percent lower …，and连接分号（；）前后两个句子。在第一个句子里，主干部分是…productivity … did not improve，However是插入语，介词短语from 1978 through 1982做时间状语，两个破折号中间部分是前面productivity的同位语。在第二个句子里，while引导让步状语从句，主句中的主干部分是they ran 25 percent lower…，“lower…than..”引导比较状语部分。

参考译文：然而，从1978年到1980年，生产率 － 生产出来的产品价值除以

投入的劳动量 － 并没有提高。尽管在随后三年经济上升时期中效果好了一些，但是比起1945年后早期的经济上升时期生产率增长仍要低25%。

23. A more immediate ethical dilemma that scientists face in the coming

years is deciding how much of the genetic code should be made public and how much companies should have the right to patent to fund their research. 结构分析：该句主干成分为：A more immediate ethical dilemma … is deciding

how much…。定语从句that scientists face in the coming years 修饰前面的名词短语A more immediate ethical dilemma，that在从句中做宾语。And连接两个宾语从句，分别由how much引导，做deciding的宾语。在第一个宾语从句里，how much of the genetic code 是主语，public补充说明主语（主动语态结构为“make how much of the genetic code public”）；在第二个宾语从句里，how much做patent的宾语，不定式to patent做the right的定语；不定式to fund their research是目的状语。

参考译文：对于科学家来说，未来几年中一个更迫切要面对的道德难题就是：

有多少基因密码应该公开，又有多少内容各有关公司有权申请专利，以便为他们的研究提供资金。

24. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our

casual and leisurely web surfing, we’ll click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus, in theory, buy the products advertised.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：These actions are performed…。in the hopes

that…表示“希望…”，做目的状语。第一个that引导从句做hopes的同位语；在同位语从句里，介词短语during the course of our casual and leisurely web surfing做时间状语，该从句的主干部分为：we’ll click on that banner…。第二个that从句做定语，修饰前面的that banner；在定语从句里，that 是主语。并列连词and连接两个谓语动词click和buy。过去分词advertised做定语，修饰前面的名词the products。

参考译文：广告商这样做是希望在我们随意悠闲地在网上冲浪时，能够点击一

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下使我们感兴趣的那面旗子，并因此顺理成章地购买广告宣传的商品。

25. However, a child born into a society with a pattern of language is

encouraged to make a small selection of sounds and to make these few sounds over and over until it is natural for him to make these sounds and no others.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：a child … is encouraged…。过去分词短语

born …language做定语，修饰前面的名词a child。and连接的两个不定式to make a small selection of sounds 和 to make these few sounds over and over做目的状语。Until引导时间状语从句，修饰前面的不定式to make these few sounds over and over。在until从句里，it是形式主语，不定式for him to make these sounds and no others是真主语。However是插入语。

参考译文：但是出生于使用某一语言的社会的孩子，他们不得不只选择性地使

用一小部分发音，并且不断地重复这部分发音，直到他们能够很自然地发出这些声音而不是其他的发音。

26. He has been revered by generations of teachers inspired by the belief that children are not empty vessels to be filled with knowledge (as traditional pedagogical theory had it) but active builders of knowledge -- little scientists who are constantly creating and testing their own theories of the world.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：He has been revered by generations of teachers…

（be –ed by …结构）。过去分词短语inspired by the belief…修饰前面的名词teachers；that引导同位语从句，修饰前面的名词the belief；在同位语从句里，主干部分是children are not empty vessels…but active builders …；做定语的不定式to be filled with knowledge修饰前面的名词短语empty vessels；括号里的部分做插入语用；破折号后面的little scientists是前面的名词短语active builders of knowledge的同位语。Who引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词短语little scientists，who在从句中做主语，and连接两个谓语部分creating 和testing。

参考译文：他受到几代教师的尊敬，他们都受到这个信念的鼓舞，即孩子不是被灌注

知识的空桶（如传统的教学理论所认为的那样），而是知识的积极构造者，是不断创造和实践自己世界观的小科学家。

27. Moreover, in any country where population presses hard upon natural

resources, the general economic situation is apt to be so precarious that government control of capital and labor, production and consumption becomes inevitable.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：…the general economic situation is apt to be

so precarious…；be apt to do表示“有...倾向的”。Moreover是插入语。介词短语in any country…是地点状语，where 引导定

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语从句，修饰前面的名词any country；在定语从句中，主干部分是population presses hard upon…。so … that …表示“如此…以致…”，that引导结果状语从句；在结果状语从句的主语部分，介词短语of capital and labor, production and consumption做定语，修饰前面的名词government control。

参考译文：而且，在任何国家，如果人口给自然资源带来巨大压力，那么，普

遍的经济状况就会趋于不稳定，政府对资本、劳动力、生产和消费的控制就不可避免。

28. Thus shall we live, because we will have created a society which

recognizes that all people are born equal, with each entitled in equal measure to life, liberty, prosperity, human rights and good governance. 结构分析：该句是个复合句：主句是Thus shall we live，从句是because

引导的原因状语从句。在主句里，Thus位于句首，后面用了部分倒装句词序（即“一般疑问句词序”）。在because原因状语从句里，主干部分是we will have created a society…；Which引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词a society，which在定语从句中做主语；该定语从句的主干是which recognizes that…；that引导从句，做recognizes的宾语。在that 宾语从句中，主干部分是all people are born equal…；独立主格结构with each entitled…to…做伴随状语；(be) entitled to sth.表示“有资格（权利）做（享受）…”

参考译文：我们应该这样生活，因为我们将会创造一个社会，这个社会承认所

有人生来就是平等的，每个人都有资格平等地享受生活，享有自由、繁荣、人权及良好的管理。

29. The federal government is choosing here and now to cooperate with

researchers who have destroyed human embryos, and even in some cases to reward them with research grants, since these researchers have the most immediate access to the cell lines thereby created.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：The federal government is choosing…to

cooperate …and …to reward…；and连接两个不定式，做choosing的宾语。Cooperate with…表示“与…合作”；who引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词researchers。Since引导原因状语从句；have access to…表示“接触…”；过去分词created做定语，修饰前面的名词the cell lines。

参考译文：联邦政府正在四处物色与破坏人的胚胎的研究者们的合作机会，有

时还授予他们研究酬金，因为这些研究者可直接接触所创造的细胞群。

30. I have no patience with the position that “we” should only or mainly

be concerned with what is “ours”, any more than I can forgive reactions to such a view that requires Arabs to read Arab books, use Arab methods,

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and the like.

结构分析：该句主干成分为：I have no patience…any more than …；no…any

more than…表示“与…一样不”；Have patience with…表示“能够忍耐/容忍…”。That引导同位语从句，修饰前面的名词the position；同位语从句的主干部分是“we” should…be concerned with …；what引导宾语从句，做介词with的宾语；than比较结构后面的主干部分是I can forgive reactions to…；that引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词a view，that 在定语从句里做主语。

参考译文：我不能容忍这样的观点——“我们”只应该或者大体上应该关心什

么是“我们自己的”这样的问题，我也不能原谅人们对“要求阿拉伯人看阿拉伯书籍、用阿拉伯方法等等”这种观点的反应。

专业整理