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论《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默与存在主义

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话文学刊・外话教育教学 2013年第1期 On Existentialism and Black Humor in Catch一22 O Ren Jinzhao (Foreign Language Institute,Inner Mongolia Medical Unive ̄ity,Hohhot,Inner Mongolia,010110)  IAbstract l Both black humor and Existentilalsm have lfourished in American in 1960’s,which had countless ties with each other.They both disposed the absurdity and darkness ofthe society and reflected the offspring ofthe spiirtual cri- sis and social crisis in the modem western societies.This article mainly analyzes how Existentialism is masterfully expressed in black humor in the novel Catch一22,which was written by Joseph Heller to serve its existentialist theme.  1Key words I Existentilaism,black humor。Catch一22 [中图分类号]I106.4 [文献标识码】A [文章编号]1672.8610(2013)Ol-0056-02 I.Introduction ihstory.The breakout ofthe two world WS_r8 not only created the Existentialism literature canle into ist own in Europe during serious destruction on the material for the West countries,but 20th century with the flourish of the existentialist philoeophy. laso spiirtually causes the people to be exposed to the’fatal im- Particularly,after the WWⅡ,human was getting unprecedented pact,causes peofle loses hte confidence in hte signiifcance,val・ hurt physically and mentally.Human became pessimistic about Re of the life and universal moral rulse and the criterion,and society.others and themselves.The theory that had been feels the anxiety to indi ̄dual destiny and the future.They re- preached could not caterforthedesire ofhuman,whowere eager quest to maintain their feredom and dignity,but cannot find the to look for the final answer.At that time,black humor was born outlet,therefore fell into the worry,loneliness,despair and so intime. on pessimistic dispirited mood;they also considered other peo- n.Black Humor and Existentialism pie,society,outside world,science and technology and so on as the constraining strength and adopt hostile attitudes.Existentila- 2.1 n definition of black humor Blackhumor。alsotranslated as sick humor,isanimportant ism is therefore sprung up.It is the product of inherent contra- mAerican modern literary form.It is prevmled in the mid&e and idction and crisis of the capitalism,but for bourgeoisie,specially hte general petty bourgeoisie populace,did not or refsued to un— later1960s.In 1965,Friedmann arranged 12 writers’works to make a short story collection and autographed“Black humor”. derstnad the laws of the scoial objcetive.The elementary theory At the same time,the nanle ofBlack Humor school derived from fo Existentialism happened to reflect their psychology.Germany htis.“ e black”is the symbol of sadness,pain,despairs and became the original palace of existentialism after the First World death.“Humor”is black and is not in the traditional signiif- War the representative personage is Heidegger and elegant Si canoe marking this kind of humor which makes the human relax Baylse.After World War II,existentialism’s center shifted to nad laugh heartily,interesting aftertaste,and also this kind hay- France from Germany.During the World War II period,France ing good intentions with health.mildness and so on. 8 is a became the occupying power of Germany,bourgeoisies’living kind of extrication humor regarding life the painful misfortune, environment and the inner wodd in France is covered by negative utterly hopeless and also has no alternative only take ridicules。 idspirited,pessimistic disappointed atmosphere completely and ,I11is kind of humor displays the 60’s US society with the weird one kind of lonely,abandon survival panic feeling was produced. comedy tcehnique to erpresent the仃agic events and also relfects In order to find the courage and hope in such survival condition, abnormal society and the distortion ofhuman nature.11li8 kind of the existentialism philosophy was accepted by many people.In humor does not oppose with the traditional one but frequently the 50’s and the 60’s became the most fashionable philosophy nkead together in the salne plcae,using the methods of the pun・ in France and the entire West capitalism world,and its influence gent satire,strange taunting,cries and so on to form hateful, surpassed the philosophy domain greatly,affceted the entire so— fearful and laughable world in the novels.Their leading writers cial life,certainly also inchded the literary production domain, are John Barth,Thomas Pynchon,Joseph Hellcr,and Kurt Von- hTeliteraturetake expressingthe existentialism philosophyasthe negnt and so on. main ideal content is called the existentialism literature。The ex- 2.2 The background and the central shift of existentialism istentilaism writers are ofien the existentialism philosopher.They hTe 20th century is extremely complex years in the human treated literary production as the philosophic thinking place of [作者简介】任今照,内蒙古医科大学外语系教师,硕士,研究方向:外国语言学及应用语言学、英美文学。 一56— UTERATURE Ren Jinzhao/On Existentialism and Black Humor in Catch——22 expressing existentialism.One of the important representative writer of Existentilism laiterature is SuRer,Camus in France and part of the readers;everyone would have a good laugh if they care to ead rthe bo0k hrtough.The aughtler is inevitably followed by the acute awareness that it is based on the suffering and mis. fortunes of their fellow creatures.This is what is meant by Norman,Merer in US,and 8o on.In the later 60’s,the exis— tentialism literature is replaced by other new schools.the incred- ible faction plaY,the black humor and so on is the variety ofex- istentilism laiterature. “black humor”.TlliIIl【of the funny language which adumbrates the scene of Orr being beaten up by Nately’s whore’s sister and m.How Existenfialtcm Reflected in Black Humor 3.1 rI11e rationale of black humor The rationale of the literature of the black humor is all SOrtS the earders laugh,but when they get to know the truth that Orr has paid herto do sojstiun orderto appear crazy,theyfeel sd.a 3.3 EXistentiali8m in Catch一22 f philoosophy ideological trend and the socil iadeological trend of Catch一22 is Joseph Heller’s representative works and also the modem counter—rational rightoeusness,like Floyd’s psycho —analysis,Bai Gesen intuitionism,especially Sutter’s existen- tialism.The viewpoints“existence is before the essence”.“the world is absurd。the life is absurd”,“the free choice”,“other people are the hell”and so on were prevaiilng in the petry Bour- geois intellectuals,especially in the US.It not only faciiltated US’s existentialism,but also becomes main idea rationale of black humor. nle writers of black humor were under the existen. tialism philosophy influence mostly,the implication of this gro- tesque and gaudy meaning in the novel basically leaves the womb in the existentialism philosophy.In their opinion,the universe and humanity’s existence does not have significance;humanity’ s situation is to be c ̄ous oriign ̄Uy and absurd,regardless of beingnature,society,andthe humaniytllimself,whichforcethe human to lose own natural disposiiton.Thus,the thought of baandoning brings human loneliness,anxiety,pain. US’s erpresentative personage Norman Merer declared in his famous works“White Blcak”that:“the society was tlle cutthroat”。 “the person’8 belief had already vanished”,the only accepted destiny ofthe humanity was“the death”.which is not the imme- diately death which created by the atomic bomb,but the quick death a centralized world created,or was the chronic death in which suppresses person’s all creafions and revolt instinct and create obeyed creatures!“Thi8 thought originates from SuRer’s existentialism,but actually has surpassed the existentialism. Tlli8 is precisely the literature essence of black humor”. 3.2 Black humorin Catch一22 When black humor is mentioned,everybody can think out hte nameofHener.Firstofall,let'stake alookathisrepresent works Catch一22,thereis nodiglcultytofindthe close relation- ship between the eXistentialism and the black humor.们1e story takes place in the United States Air Force base in wartime Italy. Here stands 8 military hierarchy,wielding its preposterous aH- thority over the lives ofits wretched bomber pilots,who fear fly- ign and wish to be grounded and escape death.In face ofthe in- creasign number offlying missions and the increasing chances of meeting death.the pilots are hopeless and desperate. In order to effectively depict its age spiirt,Joseph Heller employed Rhetoric devices of repetiiton,paradox,oxymoron, parallelism and pun and manipulatde syntactic structure in a par- ifcular way to create black humor effect,which not only makes deep impression upon the readers but also contirbutes to the deI velopment of its existentialism theme.Black humor is prevalent in Catch一22 and almost penetratse every llne of the nove1.Jo- esph Heller ases彻absurd linguistic surface to reflect the dep出 fo the absurdiyt ofthe modem world. e effect ofthe burlesque and ist basurd verbal expression is irrepressible laughter on the hte fundamental works of tIle school of black humor.The novel take Second W_orId War sa background.and describes inside sto. rv 0f United States Air Force Army stationed on an island near Italian. nIe central plot is pilot bombardier John Yossarina’s struggle experience of requesting to quit nying and return to homeland.It also reflected the main philosophical framework of hte Existentilaism.Yossarina is especially sober;He is the fisrt one to 6ght with catch 22,“the apprehension and resistance of the military discipline form the energetic pivot ofthis image.His not willingness of taking great pains psychology and the su ̄val phil08opby is not only the result which the enviornment forces, but also the method of resistance with the environment.Like ex. istentiallst philsoophy publicizing,when he is unable to surpass hte awn e ̄neous world and difficult posiiton of life,he insist the choice offree will and pursued the premise self—choice, avoidign ofthe premise of having no alternatives.In the novel, n ̄ercus ordinary serviceman—pilots are all numb,tlley“Ill【 all daylong,visit brothel,leading abefuddledlife,andforgetto raise the life instinct and lost individual wiII.霸le Yossarian is sepecially out of the ordinary.Although he also lives a life of idssipation,also do the congenial business to operate the radio, but tihs is the chosen skill of poor peasants under the control of pursuing lief.However his self—existence consciousness does not have any validiyt in the absurd reality.He demonstrates very helplessly,but is laso nuwillign igves up.As a consequence,the self—riidculous behavior to tease the outside world.For exsn1. ple,he is naked to attend the award assembly with no military uniform;In order to resist the spatial war injuries,he moves bombing one on the map secretly in the midnight;having the in- tention of revenge on tIIe bure8ucmts,he“to w蛆t t0 use the ab- sem—minded衄iclllt)r t0姗oy them,and so on are all ex蛐一 ple8 0f 1酏 ng the e】【i8tentiaus m. Ⅳ.C伽IcIusi叫 FmIn the above stg【emem,HeUer’8衄iqIle 劬【I 0f hu_ maII bein铲in tllat i璐ane w0rld was lligIdy Bucce8sfm dtle to e wide8pread 8l【in“emp 吖ment 0f the Ht嘲町technique 0f bIack hum0r aJld the existernialism has devel0ped t0 its full iIl tllis n0- vel against the black h咖or at玎10sphere. It is n0t hard t0 6nd tll砒black h岫0r 8erves to contribute t0 tlle development 0f嘉一 8Ilrd dleme眦d acllieves u ty wjitlI the e】【istentiali锄dheme in n0veI. ey had co曲de88 ties h each other.We may say tl】Ie l玎ner 0ne is the r lapp lrl衄ce 0f the l8fe_r one.Bodl 0f dlefn are tlIe豳pring 0f dIe spiritu8l cri8is and soci8l 8is in the modem westem 80ciety,botI1 0f them Ⅱect tlle perple,【ity arId c衄f衄li伽0fthe modempe0p】e have wben tbey are in fa|ce 0ftbe cri8is. Fmm 8uch a de ee,they are derived flmm tlle 8锄e ori. gin. (下转第70页) 一57— 翻译研究 “卧薪尝胆”出自《史记・越王勾践世家》,“狐假虎威”、“鹬 蚌相争”、“画龙点睛”、“愚公移山”源于寓言故事,“女娲补 天”、“精卫填海”源自神话传说,“世上无难事,只怕有心 魏鑫余/英汉习语中的文化差异及其翻译 的形象,而且增加了阅读的趣味。 2.意译法。意译是指根据原文大意来翻译,不做逐字逐 句的翻译。很多习语由于文化背景的差异,在翻译的时候无 法保留原语言中的字面意义和形象意义,这时可将原习语 的字面意义和形象意义转换成另外一个人们所熟悉的字面 意义和形象意义,从而准确表达原习语所需要表达的意义。 人”、“水至清则无鱼,人至察则无徒”源于民问谚语。而“纸 上谈兵”、“完璧归赵”、“毛遂自荐”则源于历史故事。 在英语中,“Lion’s share”(狮子的份额,现比喻“最大的 份额”或“全部的份额”)、“A wolf in sheep’s clothing”(披着 羊皮的狼,现多用来指“貌善心毒的人”,“口蜜腹剑的人”, Discord”(纠纷的苹果,指不和的根源、发生纠纷的事端)、 “Under the lose”(“在玫瑰花底下”,实指“秘密地,私下地, 比如,“a eat on hot eks”,假如进行直译,应该翻译为 “在炽热的砖头上行走的猫”,形容陷入难以摆脱的困境或比 安的样子,但如果翻译成“热锅上的蚂蚁”的话,更加能够让 中国的读者所接受与理解。 3.增译法。在翻译一些习语的过程中,无论直译和意 有时也指“伪装起来更危险”)等出自伊索寓言,“An Apple of 喻慌慌张张企图逃出险境的人,内心十分烦躁、焦急,坐立不 暗中”的意义。)等出白希腊神话传说;“Nero fiddled while Rome burned”(罗马失火,尼禄弹琴作乐,指不负责任、不体 恤民情)出自罗马历史故事。由此可见,不真正了解产生这 些习语的文化背景和历史渊源,是不可能准确翻译出这些习 语的真正含义的。 译都无法让读者完全理解习语的意义,可采用增译法。如守 株待兔,Watching the stump nd waiating for a h黜一see Chi・ nese folklore,suggesting“waiting for gains without pains”. 4.省略法。省略法是指在翻译中,原文中有些词在译文 中可以省略,无须进行翻译。在中文的习语中,有些习语是 二、英语习语的汉语翻译策略与方法 关于习语的翻译原则和标准,古今中外的翻译学家都有 着不同的观点与主张。严复提出的“信、达、雅”的翻译原则 有几个部分组成的,每个部分所表达的意义是一致的,此时 就可以采用省略法进行翻译。如“天有不测风云,人有旦夕 祸福o”可翻译成“Man’8 fate is a8 uncertain as he tweather.”。 三、结语 和标准、傅雷提出的“重神似不重形似”以及到美国著名的翻 译理论家Eugene A.Nida的功能对等或动态对等。这些翻译 理论是相互影响补充进而不断完善的,虽然侧重点有所不 同,但都肯定了译文要真实、准确的表达原文的意义。下面 几种翻译方法是比较常用的。 英汉习语反映出的文化差异及其隐含意义,要通过真 实、准确的翻译展现到各国学者面前,译者应灵活运用各种 翻译方法,努力提高翻译的准确性和生动性,从而实现更好 的文化交流。 1.直译法。直译,是指既保持原文内容,又保持原文形 式的翻译方法和翻译文字。在习语的翻译中,如果能够符合 所译语言的规范,而且不会造成误解,可以选择直译;同时, 【参考文献】 [1]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言文化——英汉语言文化对比[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社,1994. [2]张宁.英汉习语的文化差异及翻译[J].中国翻译,1999 (3). 英汉语言中也有很多相互呼应的习语,这些习语的字面意 义和形象意义所传达的信息是一致的,这种情况下,也是选 择直译。比如,“Practice makes perfect”(熟能生巧),“Exam— ple is better than prcepte”(身教胜于言传)。 当原习语的隐含意义很明显或很容易推断时,读者可以 通过字面领悟它的含义,则直译字面意义。如,雪中送炭,译 [3]徐守勤.英语谚语词典[M].安徽科学技术出版社,1998. [4]黄锦蓉.英汉语言文化影响习语翻译现象初探[J].重庆 科技学院学报(社会科学版),201l,18(13). 为:to offer fuel in snowy weather。类似这样的习语译文,读者 只要用心体会一下,就会明白其隐含意义,不仅保留了原文 (上接第57页) [4](美)约瑟夫・海勒.第二十二条军规[M].南文,赵守 垠,王德明,译.内蒙古文化出版社,1996. [5]王文彬.漫谈黑色幽默和第二十二条军规[J].美国文学 研究,1979(1). [6]汪小玲.美国黑色幽默小说研究[M].上海外国教育出 版社,2006. 【References】 [1]常耀信.美国文学史[M].南开大学出版社,1998. [2](法)加缪.西西弗的神话[M].广西大学出版社,2002. [3](美)麦克罗伊.存在主义与文学[M].春风文艺出版社, 1988. 论《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默与存在主义 任今照 (内蒙古医科大学外语系,内蒙古呼和浩特010110) [摘 要] 黑色幽默和存在主义于20世纪6o年代在美国兴盛,他们二者之间有着千丝万缕的联系,都是 用来展现社会的荒诞和黑暗,从而反映现代西方社会后代的精神危机和社会危机。本文主要分析约瑟夫・海勒的 作品《第二十二条军规》中作者如何熟练地运用黑色幽默手法去体现存在主义的主题。 [关键词] 存在主义;黑色幽默;《第二十二条军规》 一70— 

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