2022 雅思考试真题及答案

一、READING

1、READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Accentuate the negative

Jul 5th 2010, 10:11 by The Economist online

　　A FOR everyone else what the picture showed was the glaciers: for the Dutch it was the floodingLast January errors in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) hit the headlinesThe chapter on Asia in the report by the IPCC's second working group, charged with looking at the impact of climate change and adapting to it, mistakenly claimed that the Himalayan glaciers would be gone by

2035This contradicted some reasonably basic physics, had not been predicted by the glacier specialists in the first working group and was unsupported by any evidenceThere was a report from the 1990s which said something similar about all the world's non-polar glaciers, but it gave the date as 2350Then there was a crucial typo and some shoddy referencingNevertheless the IPCC's chair, Rajendra Pachauri, had lashed out at people bringing the criticism up, accusing them of “voodoo science”He then had to eat his words, and set up a panel to look into ways the IPCC might be improved.

　　B Inspired by this to look for other errors, a journalist for a Dutch newspaper spotted that the chapter on Europe gave a figure for the area of the Netherlands below sea level that was much too largeThe area at risk of flooding by the sea had been conflated with that at risk of flooding by the Rhine and the Meuse riversThat the careful Dutch should have provided faulty information and not spotted it in the review process was an embarrassment to the environment minister, Jacqueline Cramer; following a debate in parliament she called on the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), to look at all the regional chapters in the working group II report and make sure they were up to snuffThis the PBL has now done and its report has already been published.

　　C The authors try hard to make clear that their findings do not undermine the IPCC's conclusions on climate changeAnd there is nothing in their report as egregious as the glaciers or as embarrassing as the Dutch sea levelBut they did find a number of things to take issue with, most of which they thought minor but eight of which they classed as major; and their work seems to bring out a systemic tendency to stress negative effects over positive onesThis tendency can be defendedBut a reading of the report suggests there may also be broader and potentially more misleading bias.

　　D The auditors found one distinct error which they deemed major: a statement about the frequency of turbulence in South African fishing waters which had been translated directly into a statement about the productivity of the fisheriesThe IPCC has indicated it will produce an erratum for this, and for a number of other errors all concerned deemed minorBut the PBL also identified seven statements, which, while not errors, it thought were deserving of comment.

　　E Perhaps the most striking relates to AfricaThe table in the summary for policy makers reads: “By 2020, in some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50%.” The evidence on which this is based says only that yields during years in which there are droughts could be reduced by 50%Furthermore, the relevant reference applies only for Morocco—and it cites as its source an earlier paper that the PBL says no one, including the IPCC authors, now seems able to find.

　　F Other criticisms turn on a tendency to generalizeResearch showing decreased yields of millet, groundnuts and cowpeas in Niger becomes a claim that crop yields are decreasing in the Sahel, the strip that separates the Sahara from the savannah in Africa, rather than that the yields of some crops are decreasing in some parts of the SahelThe results of research on cattle in Argentina are applied to livestock (which would include pigs, chickens, llamas and the rest) throughout South AmericaThe expert authors do not provide a compelling reason for their claim that fresh water availability will decline overall in south, east and Southeast Asia, or that the balance of climate-related effects on the health of Europeans will be negative.

　　G Another problem identified by the PBL analysis is that, in general, negative impacts are stressed over positive onesThe table in the summary for policymakers is almost unremittingly bad news; the conclusions in the chapters that fed into it, while far from cheery, were more mixedIn a similar way, when there is a range of possible impacts, the top end of the range tends to get more play in the summaries for policy makers than the bottom end doesThe PBL says that this is a reasonable way to proceed in a document that is explicitly aimed at policy makers thinking about adaptation, but it is not clear how transparent this approach is to readers.

　　H This may reflect a larger issueWork on the impacts of climate change--the literature Working Group II assesses—tends to focus on vulnerabilities and damage for much the same reason the IPCC authors doThey seem more important, more urgent and quite possibly more fundableThe UN Framework Convention on Climate Change requires countries to assess their vulnerabilities, and these assessments are fodderfor Working Group IIThus the evidence base from which an assessment of impacts has to start is to some extent skewed.

　　I Perhaps the most worrying thing about the PBL report, though, is a rather obvious one about which its authors say littleIn all ten of the issues that the PBL categorized as major (the original errors on glaciers and Dutch sea level, and the eight others identified in the report), the impression that the reader gets from the IPCC is more strikingly negative than the impression which would have been received if the underlying evidence base had been reflected as the PBL would have wished, with more precise referencing, more narrow interpretation and less authorial judgmentA large rise in heat related deaths in Australia is mentioned without noting that most of the effect is due to population rather than climate changeA claim about forest fires in northern Asia seems to go further than the evidence referred to--in this case a speech by a politician--would warrant.

　　J A suspicion thus gains ground that the way in which the IPCC synthesizes, generalizes and checks its findings may systematically favor adverse outcomes in a way that goes beyond just serving the needs of policy makersAnecdotally, authors bemoan fights to keep caveats in place as chapters are edited, refined and summarizedThe PBL report does not prove or indeed suggest systematic bias, and it stresses that it has found nothing that should lead the parliament of the Netherlands, or anyone else, to reject the IPCC's findingsBut the panel set up to look at the IPCC's workings should ask some hard questions about systematic tendencies to accentuate the negative.

1．Questions 27-29

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

27. How did the IPCC's chair respond to the charge of IPCC's mistaken report about Himalayan's oncoming disappearance?

A. He absolutely denied it and retorted fiercely.

B. He sincerely accepted it and promised to make some improvement later.

C. He hesitated a lot and didn't know how to react for a while.

D. He felt it hard to accept it at first but demonstrated a positive attitude towards it.

【答案】

D

【解析】

根据题干关键词“IPCC’s chair ，mistaken report about Himalayan’s”定位至A段最后两句，据此可知IPCC主席开始抨击提意见的人，但随后收回自己的话并且成立智囊团试图解决问题。该句与D选项“…hard to accept it at first but demonstrated a positive attitude…”相符。故答案选D。

2．What was the error which a Dutch newspaper identified in IPCC's report on the area of the Netherlands below sea level?

A. The figure was calculated in a wrong way.

B. The causes that led to the results were mixed up.

C. The Dutch provided faulty information.

D. The evidences for the results were not sufficient.

【答案】

B

【解析】

根据题干关键词“Error, on the area of the Netherlands below sea level”定位至B段前两句“…Dutch newspaper … flooding by the sea had been conflated with that at risk of flooding by the Rhine and the Meuse rivers，”据此可知报告中的数据显得过大是因为把对受大海威胁的地区与受莱茵河洪水威胁的地区混为一谈。故该句与B选项相符。

3．According to the passage, how many issues were mentioned altogether in PBL's report as major issues to take seriously?

A. 2

B. 6

C. 8

D. 10

【答案】

C

【解析】

根据题干内容定位至C段中部：“…most of which they thought minor but eight of which they classed as major，”该句表明有8项错误他们认为异乎寻常。故答案为8，选C项。

4.Questions 30-35

Look at the following locations and the issues that were put forward by PBL in their investigating report. Match each issue with ONE correct location.

Write the appropriate locations, A-J, in boxes 30-35 on your Answer Sheet.

然会好得多。据此可知题干中遗漏信息为“less authorial judgment”。)

　　39. systematic bias

　　(根据题干内容定位至J段倒数第二句。The PBL report does not prove or indeed suggest systematic bias, and …of the Netherlands, or anyone else, to reject the IPCC's findings.该句表明评估署的报告并未证明或从实质上反映政府气候变化专门委员会存在整体性偏见，并强调他们并未找到任何证据使得荷兰议会或其他组织拒绝该委员会的调查结果。故此题空白信息处的名词应填systematic bias。)

6．Question 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.

What was the writer's attitude towards IPCC and PBL?

A. He stood for one and disliked the other.

B. He held an objective view towards them.

C. He showed indifference towards them.

D. He supported both of them.

【答案】

B

【解析】

观点态度题。根据文中描述，本文作者对双方面的工作均有客观评价。故其态度是极为客观的。

2、READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on READING PASSAGE 2 below.

Inuit Post-Contact History

　　A Nobody knows exactly when or where ancestors of the Labrador Inuit first caught sight of EuropeansEarly explorers who sailed through the coastal waters of southern Labrador in the early 16th century do not mention any people who resemble InuitHowever, the Basque whalers, who monopolized the Straits of Belle Isle from the early 1540s to the mid-1580s, left records suggesting that Inuit may have reached southern Labrador by the second half of the 16th century and that they were by then involved in skirmishes with European fishermen or whalers.

　　B Relations between Inuit and Europeans remained generally hostile throughout the early 17th century, and it is likely that the native people who killed two of John Knight’s men while he was exploring the central coast of Labrador in 1606 were InuitMost of the bloody encounters of this period took place in southern Labrador, where shore stations of the French and Spanish “dry is hery” were concentratedThese stations, abandoned during the long winter season, provided the Inuit with a ready source of boats and equipment, including iron nails, which could easily be obtained by setting fire to the fish stagesWhen European fishermen returned to Labrador the following summer, they took their revenge by attacking any Inuit who happened to come near.

　　C In spite of the cycle of bloodshed and retaliation that characterized most early contacts between Inuit and Europeans in southern Labrador, there are some accounts of peaceful trade relations toward the end of the 17th centuryFor example, when the explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Medard Chouart des Groseilliers were sailing from New France to Hudson Bay in 1683 they purchased sealskins from Inuit they encountered in the Nain-Okak regionSimilarly, when Louis Jolliet explored the Labrador coast as far north as Zoar, near Nain, in 1694, he purchased sea island animal oil from several InuitBy this time, the Inuit seem to have been well supplied with many articles of European manufacture, including wooden boats with sails and grapnels, barrels, sea chests, screws and nails, knives, cloth and various items of European clothingSome of the European goods were of Spanish origin, but Jolliet did not know whether they had been obtained by trade or plunderHe thought that the Inuit did not yet have regular trade contacts, but that they only traded with fishing ships when the opportunity arose.

　　D The early 18th century saw an expansion of French activity in southeastern Labrador, with rapid development of shore-based (sedentary) seal and cod fisheriesThe seal fishery was conducted by Canadian grantees who were supplied by Quebec merchants and kept their posts open throughout the year; the cod fishery was pursued by ships that arrived from France each June and returned in SeptemberAlthough hostilities remained common for several decades, sealers and cod fishermen engaged in sporadic trade with groups of Inuit who made summer excursions into the Strait of Belle Isle and to northern Newfoundland, where they ventured as far south as Port au Choix.

　　E Evidence suggests that most of the Inuit who frequented the posts and fishing harbours of southern Labrador during this period were summer visitors who returned to their winter homes in the northFor example, in 1705 Augustin le Gardeur de Courtemanche, a Canadian grantee who held the title Commander of Labrador, specified in his report on the “Eskimo coast” that the Inuit resided in Kesesakiou (Hamilton Inlet)The same report suggests that some Inuit had wintered a few years earlier in Baie d’Haha on the north shore of the Gulf of StLawrence, indicating that temporary winter residence may have occurred west of the Strait of Belle Isle from time to time.

　　F The seasonal nature of Inuit presence in southern Labrador is also suggested in the records of Dutch whalers, who were trading with the Labrador Inuit during the early 18th centuryBy 1733, when such contacts were an established tradition, whalers who wanted to take advantage of the Labrador trade were instructed to complete their Greenland voyage before crossing over to Labrador to trade with the Inuit on that coastIf the Inuit had not yet arrived, the captains were to wait for them “because experience has taught that the natives always return from the north to the south at a certain time.”

　　G Relations between Europeans and Inuit were temporarily disrupted in 1763 when Labrador became a British possession and the French were no longer allowed on the coastThe disruption was attributed partly to the inexperience of the British and Americans who attempted to take over the lucrative baleen tradeTo end the open hostilities, the governor of Newfoundland, Sir Hugh Palliser, attempted to negotiate with the Inuit in 1765Although Palliser’s truce did not immediately eliminate misunderstanding and bloodshed, it smoothed the way for an expansion of European activity and settlement along the coast of LabradorEuropean settlers concentrated in the area south of Hamilton Inlet, where theyWrite the correct number i-x in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

【答案】

　　20. skirmishes

　　(根据题干中的关键词second half of the 16th century可以定位到A段“Inuit may have reached southern Labrador by the second half of the l 6th century and that they were by then involved in skirmishes with European fishermen or whalers.” 其中的involved in与题干中的participate in是同义词。因此，对照原文和题干就可知答案是skirmishes。)

　　21. trade or plunder

　　(根据题干中的关键词Louis Jolliet可以定位到原文C段 “but Jolliet did not know whether they had been obtained by trade or plunder”这句话表明Louis Jolliet不确定因纽特的goods是否来自于trade or plunder，其暗含意就是他希望其goods来自trade or plunder。所以答案是trade or plunder。)

　　22. temporary winter residence

　　(根据题干中的关键词Lawrence和Strait of Belle Isle可以定位到E段“Lawrence，indicating that temporary winter residence may have occurred west of the Strait of Belle Isle from time to time.”其中from time to time对应题干中的often；occur与take place是同义词组。故对照原文和题干不难找到答案。答案是temporary winter residence。)

　　23. 1763

　　(根据题干中的关键词trade union和disruptive impact可以定位到G段第一句“Relations between Europeans and Inuit were temporarily disrupted in 1763 when...”.因为题干问的是关系破裂的时间，所以，答案应该是1763。)

　　24. Palliser’s truce

　　(根据题干中的关键词barricade和further extension可以定位到G段“Although Palliser’s truce did not immediately eliminate misunderstanding and bloodshed，it smoothed the way for an expansion of European activity and settlement along the coast of Labrador.”从这句话可知，虽然Palliser’s truce没能完全消除双方的误解，但是促进了欧洲在Labrador海岸的活动。其中smoothed the way与题干中removed the barricade意思相同。因此，对照题干和原文就能确定答案应该是Palliser’s truce。)

3．Questions 25 and 26

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.

25. Labrador Inuit frequented shore stations of the French and Spanish “dry-fishery” mainly for

A. ready source of iron nails.

B. Adequate sum of the fish stages.

C. Boats and equipment.

D. Taking their revenge.

【答案】

C

【解析】

分析题干可知，这道题考查的是Inuit frequented shore stations of the French and Spanish “dry-fishery”的原因。根据关键词Labrador Inuit和Spanish “dry-fishery”可以定位到B段“Most of the bloody encounters of this period took place in southern Labrador, where shore stations of the French and Spanish ‘dry fishery’ were concentrated. These stations，abandoned during the long winter season，provided the Inuit with a ready source of boats and equipment.” 后半句provided...with就是真正的原因。所以答案应该是“为因纽特人提供了船只和设备”。所以答案应该选C。

4．The author mentions Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Medard Chouart des Groseilliers in order to

A. calcify the fact that they purchased sealskins from Inuit they encountered in the Nain-Okak region.

B. illustrate that there still exists the cycle of bloodshed and retaliation.

C. give an example of peaceful trade.

D. suggest the characteristic of most early contacts toward the end of the 17th century.

【答案】

C

【解析】

分析题干可知，本题考查的是作者提到Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Mrdard Chouart des Groseilliers的目的。根据这两个提示词可以定位到C段“there are some accounts of peaceful trade relations toward the end of the 17th century. For example，when the explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Mrdard Chouart des Groseilliers were ...”,从for example一词可知，后面这两个人的例子是为了证明前一句话的内容。因此，答案就是“举例证明peaceful trade relations”。故答案选C。

二、WRITING

1、WRITING TASK 2

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task

Write about the following topic:

Some people think young people should go to university to further their education while others think they should be encouraged to work as car

三、SPEAKING

2、PART 3

Discussion topics: Transport

Example questions: