2011秋季学期“文学阅读与欣赏”考前宝典
同学们，你们好！
期末考试临近了，面对厚厚的一本《文学阅读与欣赏》， 你是否感到有些紧张呢？请不要担心，如果你按照考试宝典的内容认真复习，相信你会考出一个好成绩的！
一、如何复习
该课程学习的主线是课本。复习时，依据复习要点（focal points），把课本梳理一遍，是其他任何方法都替代不了的。考试内容大多是出自课本的，熟悉课本是得高分的法宝。如果按教学平台里的“复习与自测”部分的要点，对照教材和面授辅导课的课程讲义，从头到尾地详细复习一篇，你的考试成绩会使你满意的。
二、复习参考
1 面授课上的要点梳理/ VOB 考前串讲 2 考前宝典的范围和要点 3 论坛上的老师考前提醒
三、考点串讲 1. 考试范围
《文学阅读与欣赏》教材的一至八单元为本次考试的范围。考试内容主要涉及教材中的文学作品理解以及文学常识的掌握。
2．考试题型
笔试分为五个部分，第一部分文学常识，占35分；第二部分诗歌/戏剧分析，占8分；第三部分莎士比亚作品理解，占12分；第四部分短篇小说分析，占25分；第五部分写作，为20分。考试时间总共120分钟，其中文学常识占25分钟，诗歌/戏剧分析部分占15分钟，莎士比亚作品理解部分占10分钟，短篇小说分析部分占30分钟，写作部分占40分钟。
.3. 试卷各部分详解
a) 文学常识的第一部分是10个有关课本出现的文学概念、文学人物和作品
1. A. B. C. D.
2. The Bennett family are characters in __________. A. Gone With the Wind B. Pride and Prejudice
C. The Importance of Being Ernest D. Pygmalion
3. The story “A Horseman in the Sky” takes place in _________. A. American Independence War B. American Civil War C. Colonial time D. 20th century
4. Mrs. Drover is a character in ________. A. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer B. The Demon Lover C. Mansfield Park D. Hearts and Hands
5. The poem Xu Zhimo wrote is “Farewell to __________”. A. Cambridge B. Arms C. Beijing D. Freedom
的单项选择题。10个均是课本的重点或者基本常识，所以比较简单，而这部分得分也较好。大部分同学都在12分以上（满分20分），很多是16－20分。
The poem “Ozymandias” is about a _________. traveler sculptor writer king
6. Upon Westminster Bridge is a beautiful poem written by Wordsworth. In this poem, the poet described the beauty of the city which refers to ________. A. York
B. Westminster C. London D. Cambridge
7. When a pair of consecutive lines in a poem rhyme this is known as a_________ . A. ballad B. stanza C. couplet D. sonnet
8. In a work of literature, characters can be classified as major and minor characters in terms of their importance. E. M. Forster contrasts two types of characters, the “flat” and the “__________”. A. round B. flat C. minor D. little
9. The character who speaks of “a sea of troubles” and “the Whips and Scorns of
Time” is __________. A. Hamlet B. Macbeth C. Jane Eyre D. Scrooge
10. Four of Shakespeare‟s well-known tragedies are _________. A. Macbeth, Othello, King Lear and Wuthering Heights
B. Macbeth, the Merchant of Venice, Othello and King Lear C. Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello and Wuthering Heights
D. Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello and King Lear
11. An accepted dramatic convention used in Shakespeare‟s time where a character expresses his thoughts and feelings, while alone on a stage, is referred to as a _________. A. memorial B. soliloquy C. oration D. setting
12. Robinson Crusoe is a story, first published in 1719. In the story, Robinson Crusoe is the major character and Friday is his _________. A. enemy B. boss C. slave D. colleague
13. It is important to realize that when the author writes a story, he creates “someone” to tell the story: that storyteller is called the “__________”. A. writer B. witness C. character D. narrator
14. “Omniscient”, “I-witness”, “I-agent” and “Objective” are all examples of a
narrator‟s __________. A. depth
B. competence C. reliability D. point of view
15. When events are arranged “first things first” they are portrayed __________. A. chronologically B. symbolically
C. incoherently D. horizontally
16. As the tension is resolved the plot comes to the __________. A. climax
B. denouement C. exposition D. elaboration
17. Poetic licence is freedom to __________. A. use another poet‟s imagery B. make political statements C. combine genres
D. break language rules
18. Heathcliff is a character created by ___________. A. Charlotte Bronte B. Oscar Wilde C. Jane Austen D. Emily Bronte
Key: 1. D 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A
6. C 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. D 15. A 16. B 17. D 18. D
b) 第一大题的第二部分是文学常识填空。一般是每句三个空，考核文学常识中的知识点。这部分往年得分情况不好，反映出考生对文学常识中的知识点能够辨认，但写出来有困难，请大家考前练习。 现举例如下，作为练习题。
1．Please list 3 types of literary genres d________, p_______, f________. 答案是drama，poetry，fiction
如果你写play, poem, story (or novel) 也是可以接受的。
2. We call Jane Eyre a r__________ character, since she has three dimensions as a
person, and we see her change and develop. She is a plain-featured, empathetic, hard-working, and passionate girl. She works as a governess at Thornfield Hall and falls in love with her wealthy employer, R________. But her strong sense of conscience does not permit her to become his mistress, and she does not return to him until his insane wife is dead and she herself has come into an inheritance. 答案是round, Rochester
3. Dickens‟s creation, the miser Scrooge, is an example of a/an a________ or
s_________ character. Other examples could be „the wise advisor‟ or „the absent-minded professor‟”. 答案是archetype, stock
4. Adlestrop is a poem written by Edward Thomas. In the poem, Adlestrop is a
r________ s________. 答案是railway station
5. When the initial setting for a story occurs in the introduction, the literary term for
this is e_________. Following this there is a(n) e_________ of the plot where the action develops into conflict causing a climax to be reached when these conflicts all reach a(n) c_________ point before an ultimate resolution occurs. 答案是exposition, elaboration, crisis
More exercises of this type:
6. In the exposition of a plot, the four aspects of the story - „who‟, w________, w_______ and w_______ are introduced. (when, where, what)
7. Characters can be classified as major and m____ characters in terms of their importance in works. Or they are f____ and round characters, depending on whether they develop or not in the story. (minor, flat)
8. A Day is a simple and plain American poem. In this poem, a day stands for a
_______ in which we may be keenly aware of the joy of b_____ and feel uncertain about d______. (birth, death)
9. The tone in which characters speak can indicate their a________, m_______, or
m__________.
(attitudes, manners, mood)
10. Aphra Benn, Daniel Defoe and Blake all explore the idea of the „dark stranger‟ but from different points of view: the „dark stranger‟ as a n____ s_____, or as a n_____ s______.
(noble salvage, natural slave)
11. „To be or not to be‟ are the first words of the soliloquy spoken by H_________ in S_________‟s drama, a prince experiencing „a sea of t_________‟. (Hamlet; Shakespeare, troubles)
12. In a story, the plot structures consists of e_________, e_________, c_________ and denouement.
(exposition, elaboration, climax)
c) 戏剧或诗歌分析。这部分主要考查的是对课本中某段戏剧节选或对一篇诗歌的理解。如果是戏剧分析，5个简答题涉及主题、人物、情节等，如果是诗歌分析，5个简答题涉及主题、韵脚、诗歌形象、诗句的理解。只要对课本熟悉，这部分的得分能够很高。
举例如下，请练习： I. Trees
I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth‟s sweet flowing breast;
A tree that looks at God all day; And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in Summer wear A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain; Who intimately lives with rain
Poems are made by fools like me, But only God can make a tree.
Questions:
1. What is the rhyming scheme?
2. What is the name normally given to two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme? 3. Which figures of speech does line 3 employ? 4. What is the poet‟s attitude towards trees?
Answers:
1. aa bb cc dd ee aa 2. couplet
3. personification 4. He adores the trees. II.
An Irish Airman Foresees His Death
I know that I shall see my fate
Somewhere among the clouds above; Those that I fight I do not hate, Those that I guard I do not love; My country is Kiltartan Cross,
My countrymen Kiltartan‟s poor, No likely end could bring them loss Or leave them happier than before. Nor law, nor duty bade me fight,
Nor public men, nor cheering crowds, A lonely impulse of delight
Drove to this tumult in the clouds; I balanced all, brought all to mind,
The years to come seemed waste of breath, A waste of breath the years behind In balance with this life, this death.
Questions:
1. What is the rhyming scheme? 2. What are themes of the poem?
3. What attitude does the poet seem to be expressing in the first half of his poem? 4. Identify the image that Yeats uses in the last few lines of the poem?
Answers:
1. abab cdcd efef ghgh
2. (Any one of these three) (1)War, (2) Death, (3) The futility of war. 3. (Any one of the following five)
acceptance of death;
exhilaration about the experience of war in the air; indifference to the purpose of war; indifference to the result of the war; bitterness about the futility of the war;
4. Yeats uses „a waste of breath‟ as an image for both the future („the years ahead‟ ) and the past(„the years behind)‟. OR Yeats uses the image „a waste of breath‟ for any time other than the present when the fighter is facing death in the sky.
d) 莎士比亚作品理解。这部分要求对莎士比亚作品中的词句理解。我们课文中的
莎士比亚作品总共选了四篇，大家下些功夫，我相信大家肯定能理解的。 举例如下：
True, I have married her:
The very head and front of my offending Hath this extent, no more.
A. The only wrong I have done. B. The beginning of my offer. C. The excuse I will have.
D. The very daughter I will marry. 答案是：A
这里把莎士比亚的作品用比较通俗的英语表达出来，希望帮助大家理解莎士比亚。 Hamlet (P 215)
To be or not to be—that is the Question; Whether it‟s nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?
To live or to die, that is a question. Is it better to bear the bitterness of bad fate in the mind, or should people rise up to pick up weapons fighting against it and end so many troubles in one‟s life?
To die, to sleep—No more; —and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to; „Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished.
To die, to sleep, there will be no more existence. And if we can say that we end the trouble and the countless natural strikes that human beings are bound to suffer by a sleep, then a sleep or a death would be the perfect thing that we have seriously wished for.
To die, to sleep; To sleep, perchance to dream. Ay, there‟s the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. There is the respect That makes calamity of so long life;
To sleep perhaps is to dream, that is where the trouble is. In the sleep of death, when we get rid of our physical bodies and free ourselves from these earthly troubles, what may come as our dreams must make us hesitate. It is with this very consideration that people would rather endure a life so long and so painful.
Othello (P328)
Othello: Most powerful, grave, and respected lords
my very noble and approved good masters,
that I have taken away this old man‟s daughter, it is most true.
The only misdeed I am accused of is that I have married her.
I am unpolished in my speech, and little blessed with the soft phrase of peace. Since I was a child of seven, all my efforts have been concentrated on my
military profession, except for the last nine months.
I can speak little of this great world, no more than what belongs to battle field.
And therefore I shall help little my own cause forward in speaking for myself.
Yet by your gracious patience, I will tell my love story plainly and simply. I
will tell how I won his daughter by what drugs, what charms, what conjuration and what mighty magic, for I am charged with these for such proceeding.
Brabantio: A maid who is never bold, who is so still and quiet of spirit that her motion
blushed at itself, is to fall in love with what she feared to look on, in spite of her nature, of her years, of her country, of her reputation, of everything.
To believe that love story is a judgment so deformed and totally imperfect
that it could accept that perfection could go wrong and go against all the rules of nature. It must be the evil cleverness that drives the love to happen.
I therefore assert again, he worked on her with some mixtures which were
powerful over the blood or conjured to this effect with some magic potion.
Duke: To vouch this is no proof.
All the World’s a Stage (P73)
And all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; All the world is a stage, all the men and women are playing their roles. They were born into this world and death would take them away from this world.
And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. At first the infant, Mewling and puking in the nurse‟s arms.
And every man plays many roles in his lifetime. His whole lifetime could be divided into 7 stages. At first the part of an infant, crying and vomiting in the nurse‟s arms.
And then the school-boy, with his satchel. And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school.
And then the man plays the part of a school boy whose face shines in the morning. He walks very slowly toward school, carrying his school bag, for he is reluctant to go to school.
And then the lover, Sighing like furnace, with a woful ballad Make to his mistress‟ eyebrow.
And then he plays the part of a lover. Sighing heavily like a furnace, he writes a sentimental poem which is devoted to his girlfriend‟s eyebrow.
Then a soldier, Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard, Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel, Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon‟s mouth. Then he will be a soldier, swears a lot, wearing beard like the leopard. He is very vigilant in guarding his honor. He quarrels with others because he is rash and touchy while pursuing fame even at the risk of his life in the war. Yet, the reputation he is seeking is actually like a bubble, easily broken and vanished soon.
And then the justice, In fair round belly with good capon lin‟d, With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut, Full of wise saws and modern instances; And so he plays his part. Then he plays the part of an experienced man with severe eyes, formally cut beard and a fairly round belly which is filled with good food. What he says is full of old sayings and new examples.
The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slipper‟d pantaloon With spectacles on nose and pouch on side, His youthful hose well sav‟d a world too wide For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, Turning again toward childish treble, pipes And whistles in his sound.
In the sixth age, he turns out to be a thin ridiculous old man with glasses on his nose and a small bag on his side. His trousers, which have been kept well from his youth, are too wide for his legs. His bass voice turns to become childishly high with sounds as if
produced by a pipe and a whistle.
Last scene of all, That ends his strange eventful history, Is second childishness and mere oblivion Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.
The man in his old age becomes childlike in his actions and mind as he loses the ability to think properly and to understand the world around him. He loses his teeth, eyesight, taste buds and everything that is necessary to appreciate life.
e) 短篇小说。这部分是整个卷子里唯一出自课外的，是8道问答题。主要考查的也是基本的文学常识，涉及布景、主题、人物、情节、矛盾冲突等。前5题每题2分，后3题每题5分。从分数分布来看，前5题基本都是一句话或者一个短语简答即可，而后3题同学们要稍微展开来说。失分原因有：1）后三题答案过于简单；2）答案没有切中要害。从得分策略来说，建议同学们作答时尽量多说几句。
写作。这部分是人称变化和缩写的结合。有些同学不知道怎样才算是从要求的角度写，所以使用了第三人称。其实就是把自己当成文中的角色，然后讲个故事就行了。同时，把故事主要情节讲完整就可以了。太多的细节会超过字数限制。评分是从语言、内容和是否按照要求写作三方面来给整体分。所以，提醒同学们注意这三点。
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