培养评析性阅读技能8-72

学会猜测文章中生词的词义及挖掘中心思想后，读者还需要发展更高层次的阅读能力，即评析性阅读能力。本部分主要介绍其中两种重要的能力：推论能力和理解作者写作目的的能力。

一、推论能力 一）、区分事实和推论

事实信息可以得到文章明确和直接的说明；而推论信息则是隐含在文章中，间接给出的信息。前者涉及到的是读者识别文章信息的能力，而后者则需要读者使用逻辑推理和归纳能力，是一个综合性的过程。

注意：推论不能凭空进行，而且不能过度概括，归纳出超越已知信息的信息，过度概括只会得到没有根据的不合理的推论。 二）、理解语气

语气能反映作者对其主题的态度，是作者的情感信息。文章的语气主要通过措辞来体现。

（一）八种语气

严肃或中性语气（serious or neutral）

庄重语气（solemn）

批评语气（critical）

愤世嫉俗语气（cynical）

讽刺语气（sarcastic）

反讽语气（ironic）

幽默诙谐语气（humorous and witty）

挖苦语气（satiric）

（二）通过提问判断语气 三个关键问题：

1．作者是怎样措辞的？

2．作者持有何种态度？

3．读完这篇文章后有何感想？

（三）根据措辞判断语气

有大量的词语可以用来表达语气。这些词语大多是形容词，能表达一个人的感情、态度或感受。如：

WORDS THAT EXPRESS TONE accusing admiring ambivalent amused angry approval arrogant astonished authoritative bitter caustic cheerful comical

compassionate condescending contradictory critical cruel delightful

depressing detached dignified distressed doubtful earnest enthusiastic evasive excited fair fearful fervent Foolish Funny Gentle Grim Honest Hopeful Hostile

humorous impassioned impassive incredulous indifferent indignant insulting intense irreverent joking joyful mocking morbid negative neutral nostalgic objective optimistic outraged

outspoken pessimistic passionate pathetic pessimistic playful positive proud righteous romantic scornful sentimental subjective supportive sympathetic tolerant uneasy

uninterested unrealistic

三、推论实例

阅读下列文章，注意推论作者的语气。此后选择正确答案。

The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator.” In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed—natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling… What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around globe in search of a good price. Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridgers hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.

The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant, ff you don' t believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you'll get rid of

that terrible hum.

The statement \"In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. \" in the second paragraph suggests that

 the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties  the author was not accustomed to using fridges even in his fifties  there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950s

 the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s

Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?  People would not buy more food than was necessary.  Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.  Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.  People had effective ways to preserve their food.

Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?  Inventors.  Consumers.

 Manufacturers.  Travelling salesmen

Which of the following phases in the fifth paragraph indicates fridge's negative effect on the environment?

 Hum away continuously

 Climatically almost unnecessary  Artificially-cooled space  With mild temperature

What is the author’s overall attitude toward fridges?  Neutral  Critical  Objective

 Compromising

二、 理解作者的写作目的 一、写作目的类型

五种常见的写作目的类型。 1．告知型

2．说服型

3．娱乐型

4．描述型

5．自我表达型

二、识别写作目的 如果作者的写作目的不能从文章中明显看出，可以首先确定文章的主题和主题句，然后

再看作者是如何用细节支持这个主题句的，接下来再对文章进行评析性阅读。阅读时回答如下问题：

文章的预期读者是何人？

这个问题可以从文章的语言层次、词语选择、观点、例子或论据的复杂程度上进行判断。 文章为何语气？ 确定作者的语气。如果作者的语气是反讽或讽刺，他的目的有可能是让你对这个观点提起注意。

作者是否想要证明某个主题？这个主题是什么？

确定作者行文的目的是不是为了说服读者接受某个观点或起到某种影响作用。如果是，这个观点是什么。

作者对此主题为何态度？

确定作者在文章中对某个问题的态度，是褒扬、中立还是批评，或者是主观还是客观的。 三、写作目的实例

阅读下面一段文字，通过回答上述四个问题，确定作者的写作目的。 MINORITY GROUP REPRESENTATION AND OWNERSHIP

Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have brought strong pressures to bear against the media in recent years. They seek a larger, more favorable role on the air, both in the number of minority performers and the elimination of false, stereotyped images of minority individuals. Progress has been made. For example, a large increase is evident in the number of black performers in television commercials. However, on a more significant level, serious examinations of problems facing minorities have been shown more frequently on television recently—problems arising from history, economic injustices, and contemporary social attitudes. Among these presentations are \"Roots,\" which made a tremendous impact on the American consciousness; \"The Vanishing Family—Crisis in Black America,\" \"Holocaust,'' \"I Remember Harlem,\" \"Playing for Time,\" and \"The Women's Room.\" Some productions, such as \"The Bill Cosby Show,\" provide an excellent showcase for actors from minority groups to display their talents. Some stereotyping still exists, but gradually it is being reduced through a sharpened awareness on the part of those who control television programming. Organized groups that focus attention on these evidences of stereotyping also help to promote more balanced programming.