煤矿发展史

The exact date of man’s first use of coal is lost in antiquity. The discovery that certain black rock would burn was undoubtedly accidental and probably occurred independently and many time in the world over thousands of year’s .it is quite likely that these independently discoveries were made when primitive man chanced to build camp fires on exposed ledges of a black rock,then was amazed when it caught fire.

The Chinese recorded the use of coal 1000 years before the Christian Era and from the Bible we learn that King Solomon was familiar with coal in what is now Syria.in Wales,there is evidence that the Bronze Age people used coal for funeral pyres,and it is known that the Romans used this fuel.there are other ancient refences.

So the knowledge that coal would burn,and there even some uses of that knowledge.go back thousands of years. However,practical and consistent use of coal seems to date to England in the Middles Ages.

At first all coal was hewed by hand from the solid bed by use of pick and bar.it was then shoveled into baskets,boxes or wheelbarrows and dragged by men or women,to the outside or to the foot of a shaft.Later,cars were developed but still drawn over wood plank by humans.As time went on,iron straps,then rails,were used for the cars while mules,ponies,or horse did the pulling.

Gradually,black powder was introduced to blast down the coal,but undercutting,side cutting,and drilling were still done by hand.during the date 1700s and 1800s,a number of basic developments greatly aided the mining of coal.the first steam engine was invented by James Watt in 1775 in Britain to pump water from mines,a very important application that made it possible for mines to go deeper.The first rail transportation was for mining,in first steam locomotive was developed in 1814 by George stphenson in England for a colliery,and the first electric locomotive was developed in 1883 in Germany for underground use.

Mechanization of operations at the face started before 1900 with development of punching machines and chain-type cutters for undermining the coal seam before blasting,of coal and rock drills,electric and compressed air locomotives,and even some early experiments whit continuous mining machines.

Longwall mining was used here and there in the US until about 1910,particularly in Illionois,but then became noncompetitive with roon-and-pillar methods in thicker seam that better lent themselves to mechanization.in the meantime,longwall continued to be dominant in Europe and Asia because of thin coal and depth of cover.

During World War Ⅱ,the Germans developed the longwall scraper for continuous loading onto a chain at the face.this was followed by various types of shearing machines developed in several counties.However,the most important development was in hydraulic, self propelled roof jacks and chocks that greatly reduced the manpower formerly required to set and reset individual jacks and to

build cribs by hand.

With these developments,US coal companies again became interested in the longwall system.numerous modifications and a general “beefing-up”were found necessary for US conditions but,after some failures and misapplications,longwall minging has became practical in this country,providing mining conditions are right,as attested by the gradually increasing number of units.

Surface mining was the earliest method of extracting coal. It consisted of recovering coal exposed in stream beds and visible outcrops with zero to a few feet of loose dirt cover. Under deeper cover and order rock the cheapest method--in fact the only means of recovery at frist--was by underground mining,so surface developments were insignificant until about 1910,although,here and there,ship and cart scrapers drawn by mules were used to a very small extent.

采矿发展历程

有关人类首次使用煤的确切时间，历史上并没有记载，发现能燃烧的“黑色石头”毫无疑问是个偶然。并且在过去的几千年里，在世界各地有着各种不同的传说。有可能是一群原始人在营地边的石块上点篝火，却惊奇地发现石头竟然着了起来。

中国有记载的使用煤的时间要比西方早1100多年，从古巴伦历史我们了解到。索罗门也就是现在我们称之为叙利亚的国王熟知用煤;有证据表明威尔斯人在青铜器时代就把煤用在了火葬上;据说古罗马人也懂得用煤，当然还有其他可供参考的文献。

尽管知道煤能燃烧，甚至怎么使用它要追溯到几千年前，但是把煤实际系列地运用看起来起始于中实际的英格兰。

最初人们用镐和钎杆把煤从坚硬的矿床上砍下来，然后通过木板推到篮子，箱子，或者手推车里运出矿底，后来用汽车，但仍然需要人工铺板。随着时间的推移，铁带条，铁路相继被应用在载车拉运煤，而这些工作以前是由骡子，马。或者小马来完成的。

逐渐，黑火药被用到煤矿炸煤。但是底部掏槽。侧面掏槽还有钻孔打眼仍然需要手工完成。在十八世纪末和十九世纪许多基本发展都以煤矿开采为目标而进行的。英国人瓦特在1775年发明的蒸汽机是用来抽放矿井水的，蒸汽机的重要发明使开采深处的煤成为可能。第一条铁路也是为了采煤而设计的。英格兰人乔治史蒂芬发明的蒸汽机牵引的火车也是为了采煤用的；1814年德国第一辆电牵引的火车被用于地下采煤。

1900年以后。随着冲压机，链式截割机的发明，使得不用再炸煤就能开采了，并且电钻，移动式空气压缩机的应用，实现了机械化采煤。

直到1910年，长臂采煤法在美国被广泛采用，尤其是在伊利诺斯州，但是跟能在厚煤层开采实现机械化的房柱式采煤罚相比就失去了竞争力。同一时期欧洲和亚洲的许多国家因为煤层薄，埋藏深而多采用长臂采煤法。

二战期间，德国发明了可以和链式输送机连续作业的耙斗机，随后其他一些国家也仿造了能够跟它配套的滚筒式割煤机。但是最关键的发明是液压式自移顶柱和垛式液压支架，大大减少了工人因不断搬运单体支柱而付出的劳动力。

随着这些设备的相继投入使用，美国一些矿业公司，又对长臂采煤法产生了兴趣，尽

管实验过程中有一些失误，但是美国人发现还是有必要做一些调整的。后来，不断的功效证明了当初的选择是正确的。

最早的露天开采方法是拉煤，条件是煤层被松散的表土曾覆盖，埋藏很浅，并且有矿床在露头，但是实际上大部分煤都埋藏在岩石以下较深的地方，实际上这种煤的最好开采方法就是地下开采，所以露天开采直到1910年也没有取得较大的发展。相比之下，各地的原始开采方法竟有了扩大。

专业术语：

冲压机：punching machines

链式截割机：chain-type cutter

移动式空气压缩机：portable air compressor

机械化采煤：Mechanized coal mining method

长壁采煤法：Longwall mining

房柱式采煤法：Room and pillar mining method

滚筒式割煤机：Drum type coal cutting machine

液压式自移顶柱：Hydraulic type self moving top column

垛式液压支架：Hydraulic chock

采矿工程二班 任杰 120411041