My friend John is a handsome young man，a young man everyone likes to work with.我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，一个人人都喜欢与他共事的年轻人。
3．表示“某一个”，相当于a certain
I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon. 我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。 4．用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”
He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
5．在抽象名词success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，wonder，comfort，danger，shock等前表示“一个……的人或一件……的事”
The operation is a success and the patient is now out of danger.手术很成功，病人目前脱离了危险。
[典例] (2017·浙江卷)For Pahlsson，its return was wonder. 解析 此处泛指“一个奇迹”，应用不定冠词a。 答案 a
6．用于固定搭配中
不定冠词常用于某些固定搭配中，常见的有： have a gift for有……的天赋 get a lift/ride搭便车 lend sb.a hand帮助某人 education.
解析 句意：正如你所知，科学对我们的教育起着非常重要的作用。此处play a role in在……中起作用，为固定搭配，所以用a。
答案 a
二、定冠词的用法
1．特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物
I went to a university in New Zealand.The university was founded in the early twentieth century. 我在新西兰的一所大学就读，这所大学建立于20世纪初。 2．用于单数可数名词或形容词前，表示一类人或物 ①As we all know，the brain is the centre of thought. 众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。
②As a matter of fact，the rich aren't always happy. 事实上富人并非总是快乐的。
3．用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only，very，same等之前
①Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。
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冠词是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，本身不能独立使用，只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。冠词有两种，一种是不定冠词，一种是定冠词。此外也有些特定场合名词前不用冠词，即通常所称的零冠词。
一、不定冠词的用法 (一)如何选用a或an
不定冠词包括a和an，只能用于单数的可数名词前。其中a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，而an用于元音音素开头的单词前。如：a tree一棵树；a supermarket一家超市；an old man一位老人；an English boy一个英国男孩。但是，千万要记住：元音字母不等于元音音素，以u为例，虽是元音字母，但发音可能是/juː/，/j/是辅音，其前自然用a。如：a university student一个大学生，不可用an。以辅音字母开头的单词不一定以辅音音素开头，如：an hour一小时，这里h不发音。
中学英语里出现的这类单词并不多。为了便于记忆，在此把这些特殊的词编成两个句子，帮助记忆。
①In a university，a European and a one－eyed man walked along a one－way road with a useful thing.This is a usual thing.在一所大学里，一个欧洲人和一个独眼龙拿着一件有用的工具沿着一条单行道走着。这是一件平常之事。
②An hour ago，an honest man accepted an unusual gift and went to finish an honorable task.一个小时以前，一个诚实的人接受了一件非同寻常的礼物，去完成了一件光荣的任务。
(二)不定冠词的基本用法 1．表示泛指某个人或事物
I met a friend of yours today as I hurried off to work. 今天我在赶着去上班的路上遇到了你的一位朋友。 2．用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前，表示泛指
have a holiday度假 pay a visit to参观
play a role in在……中起作用
[典例] (2019·河北五个联盟联考)As you know，science plays very important role in our
②Now，years later，this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.在数年之后的现在，这条河成为了环境治理的最突出的范例之一。
4．用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的人或物前 The village where I was born has grown into a town. 我出生的村庄已变成了一个城镇。
5．用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代 As is well known to us all，the Second World War broke out in the thirties. 众所周知，二战爆发于30年代。
6．用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇俩 The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours. 史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。 7．用于世界上独一无二的事物前
No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence，as it happened so long ago.没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的，因为这发生在很久之前。
8．用于乐器名词前
As far as I know，he likes playing the piano. 据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴。 9．用于固定的结构中
(1)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按……计算”。 —It's said that John will be in a job paying over$60,000 a year. —Right，he will also get paid by the week.
——据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。 ——是的，他的工资还将按周支付。
(2)用于“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体某一部位”结构中。 His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face. 那个贼打到了他的脸，他鼻子出血了。
(3)用于the more...the more...(越……越……)结构中。 The more love we give，the more respect we receive. 我们付出的爱越多，得到的尊敬就越多。 10．用于固定的短语中 to tell the truth说实话 by the way顺便说一下 on the whole总的来说 make the most/best of充分利用 at the top of 在……的最高点
on the other hand另一方面 on the contrary相反 to the point中肯；切题
top of her lungs.
解析 此处为固定短语at the top of，表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。所以用the。 答案 the 三、零冠词的用法
1．表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前
①Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which you'll make great progress. 记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。
②Telephones are still playing an important role in people's life.电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。
2．表示月、季、星期、节假日、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类名词前
A year can be divided into four seasons—spring，summer，autumn and winter.一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
3．与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前 Are you going there by plane or by ship? 你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？ 4．系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时
After years of hard work，Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager. 多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位好经理。 5．表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时
Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
6．用于固定结构中的零冠词
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。 Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world. 尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。 7．用于固定短语中的零冠词 on purpose故意地 catch fire着火 out of date过时的 in debt负债
by chance碰巧 at dawn在黎明
make room for让位 in shape健康
[典例] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At the first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself. 解析 at first“起初；一开始”，为固定短语。 答案 去掉the
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅲ) Unexpectedly，I'm face－to－face with the gorilla，who begins screaming at 四、有无冠词意义不同的搭配
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名词前无冠词的搭配 sit at table坐在桌旁吃饭 at school在上学 in prison坐牢 by sea乘船；经海路 in front of在……(外部的)前面 out of question没问题 in possession of拥有 go to church去做礼拜 in class在上课 by day在白天 in charge of负责 take place发生 名词前有冠词的搭配 sit at the table坐在桌旁(不一定是吃饭) at the school在学校(不一定是上学) in the prison在监狱里(不一定是犯人) by the sea在海边 in the front of在……(内部的)前面 out of the question不可能 in the possession of为某人所拥有 go to the church去教堂 in the class在那个班里 by the day按天计算 in the charge of在……的掌管下 take the place of代替 a→ an/one [hour是以元音音素开头的单词，前面要用不定冠词an。表示“一个小时”可以用an hour也可以用one hour。]
7．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard first day was.
first之前加the或my [句意：我仍然记得第一天有多艰难。表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰。]
8．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)But in that case，we will learn little about world.
在world前加the [句意：但是，在那种情况下，我们对世界将了解的更少。the用于单数可数名词前，表示一类事物。]
1．根据泛指或特指选择冠词
如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。
(1)如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an。如果可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”一般填the；
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over past 25 years，while rice has increased only 7 percent.
the [ 考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。由句意知，是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。]
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
a [考查固定搭配中的冠词。句意：结果，人们将会吃更多的食物来弥补失去的东西。as a result结果，是固定搭配。故填a。]
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over top.
the [考查冠词。句意：这包括挖路，放轨道并在上面建一个很结实的顶部。此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。]
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as model in New York.
a [考查冠词。句意：相反，她在纽约作为一名模特儿每天收入6 500英镑。用不定冠词a表泛指。]
5．(2016·浙江卷) prize for the winner of the competition is two－week holiday in Paris.
The；a [句意：这次比赛获胜者的奖项是在巴黎两周游。第一空后的名词prize在本句中表示特指，故用the；第二空后的holiday 为可数名词，在本句中表示泛指，故与不定冠词a连用。]
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school ，and it takes about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
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如第1题，在过去的这25年里，故用the；第4题，作为一个模特，故用a。 (2)如果名词后有介词短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。 如第5题，第一空后有介词短语for the winner of...故用the。 2．根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词
英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语，记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。 如第2题，as a result 结果，就是固定搭配，故用a。 3．看到以辅(元)音音素开头的名词要想到应用不定冠词a(n) 如第6题中的a应改为an。 4．看到序数词或最高级前应用the 如第7题first前要加the。
5．看到单数可数名词要想到是否少用了冠词
1．遇到名词要考虑加冠词，还要考虑是特指还是泛指
(1)(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The English film Growing Together made by our teachers and some senior students will be displayed this weekend.
我们老师和一些高中学生制作的英语电影Growing Together本周末将放映。
(2)(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)To begin with，a fabulous new stadium has been built up，which has become the new landmark in our school.
首先，一座全新的体育馆已经建起来了，这将成为我校的一个新的里程碑。
2．遇到名词要考虑不加冠词的情况
(1)(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Athletes from our school team have won many gold medals of table tennis contests in recent years and the coaching team is also very professional.
来自我们校队的队员近几年来已获得了许多乒乓球金牌，教练队也非常专业。
(2)My son doesn't go to school on Saturday.I teach him to speak English.On Sunday afternoon，he plays football.He is teamleader of the football team.
我儿子星期六不去上学。我教他说英语。星期天下午，他踢足球，他是球队的队长。
the [句意：乒乓球是一项速度快，需要技能的运动，参与这项运动的选手在全世界所有体育运动中人数最多。设空处后的most为形容词最高级作players的定语，形容词最高级前需填定冠词the。]
8．(2019·湖北襄阳调研)In Australia，which has the highest number of food advertisements in children's television in the world，there are average of 12 food ads per hour.
an [句意：澳大利亚是世界上在儿童电视节目中插播食物广告数量最多的国家，平均每小时有12条食物广告。an average of...为固定短语，意为“平均……”。]
9．(2019·福建莆田质检)Among “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.
the [句意：在这“新四大发明”中，网上购物是Michael Aldrich 于1979年在英国首创的。设空处后的名词inventions 在本句中表示特指，故填定冠词the。]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·河北石家庄检测)According to William Hanson， expert in ceremony，there's a very good reason for this—and it has nothing to do with fashion，but rather a royal tradition that dates back to the sixteenth century.
an [考查冠词。此处泛指“一个专家”，expert的读音以元音音素开头，故用an。]
2．(2019·四川成都诊断)I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2018.It is so attractive that I decided to go there for second time next year.
a [句意：2018年夏天我第一次去杭州旅游。那里如此迷人，我决定明年再去一次。a second time表示“又一次，再一次”，故填a。]
3．(2019·安徽合肥检测)Chinese brush calligraphy or “shufa” in Chinese is one of most important art forms in China.
the [考查冠词。根据形容词最高级most important可知，空处需加定冠词the，此处意为“最重要的艺术形式之一”。]
4．(2019·湖南长沙一模)But we are making effort to maintain our community in some form so that we don't lose it.
an [句意：但是为了我们不会失去我们的社区，我们正在尽力以一定的形式维持它。make an effort为固定短语，意为“尽力”。]
5.(2019·河南郑州测试)Four boys were taking walk in the woods near Montignac. a [句意：四个男孩儿正在蒙提涅克附近的树林里散步。take a walk 为固定短语，意为“行走，散步”。]
6．(2019·陕西榆林二中模拟)The Internet is an amazing information resource.Students，teachers，and researchers use it as investigative tool. an [句意：因特网是一个令人惊叹的信息资源。学生、老师和研究人员都将其作为一种调查工具使用。设空处后的名词tool在本句中表示泛指，故填不定冠词；设空处后的investigative 以元音音素开头，故填an。]
7．(2019·河北百校联盟联考)Table tennis is a fast，demanding sport and has most players of all sports in the world.
10．(2018·浙江嘉兴测试)Later，her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars made her international superstar.
an [根据句意可知，她成了一位国际巨星，表示泛指“一个”，且international以元音音素开头，前面需用不定冠词an。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2019·河南名校联考)As the result，their communication with people around them becomes less and less. the→a [句意：因此，他们与周围人的交流越来越少。as a result为固定搭配，意为“因此”。故将the改为a。]
2．(2019·河北邯郸联考)At first，I decided to eat less in order to lose the weight. 删除the [ lose weight 意为“减肥”，为固定短语，故将the删除。]
3．(2019·河南洛阳统一考试)I could only tell him a truth. Instead of scolding，he praised my honesty and then encouraged me to apologize to our neighbor. a→the [考查冠词。tell the truth为固定词组搭配，符合语境，故用定冠词the。]
4．(2019·河北石家庄检测)In the fact，this happens in many places of interest. I have some suggestions to solve this problem. 删除fact前的the [考查固定搭配。in fact为固定搭配，意为“事实上”，the多余。]
5．Tony saw a toy in a shop window...A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop. 第三个a→the [句意：……有个妇女见他哭了，就告诉他在那家商店外面等候。由上下文可知，此处shop指前面“Tony saw a toy in a shop window”中的shop，应为定冠词。]
6．I wanted to do something special for him at his retirement party...At a party，my coach，with a biscuit in his mouth，asked surprisingly who made them and joked，“I might have to retire again next year just to get some more of these biscuits.”
第一个a→the [句意：……在那次聚会上，我的教练口含饼干惊奇地问道是谁做的，并且开玩笑说：“为了多吃一些这样的饼干我明年可能会再退休一次。”根据上文“I wanted to do something special for him at his retirement party.”可知，此处指前面所提到的那次退休聚会。]
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7．A passenger realized he couldn't find his ticket and became quite upset...The person who found a ticket smiled with pleasure at his success.
a→the [句意：……找到票的那个人为自己的成功露出了高兴的微笑。使用定冠词the特指上文提及的同一事物，本文中特指前面提及的那张票。]
8．Besides，Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.
第一个a→an [句意：此外，Cleo习惯于每天平均吠叫六个小时。名词average以元音音素开头，所以用an修饰，an average of...“……的平均数”。]
9．Today，I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm goes off...Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire.
第二个a→the [句意：……很快，消防战士们就会过来将火扑灭。根据文章第一句a fire alarm可知，指大家都已经知道的那场火灾，用the表示特指。]
Ⅲ.语法填空(以冠词为主)
Failure is 1.the best teacher.We learn to have more 2.confidence (confident) in what we know through failure.You don't have to accept your failure if you really want to achieve success.For every achievement，there have been one or more failures who we consider as successful refuse to accept failure and believe success is 3.the other side of failure.
The lamp 4.was invented (invent) by Edison after 1,000 failures.If he had stopped after he tried 100 times，what would be the result of such effort?
Any time your effort is not bringing 5.an expected result，you don't have to call it a failure，call it a challenge.What is 6.the difference between the two？One is negative，7.the other is positive. What you need is positive thinking to achieve success.Failure means there is no way out，no alternative，but a challenge is a question mark asking for another way out of the situation，an alternative solution 8.to the problem.
9．A wise man once said if you cannot fly，run.If you cannot run，walk.If you cannot walk，crawl(爬行)；just keep on moving.
If you fall down，you have to get up and start moving.If not，other people will step on you on the way to 10.their (they) achievements. Ⅳ.短文改错(以冠词为主) Boys and girls，
Good morning！It is great honor to be here to share with you my opinions on“A Positive Attitude Leads to Success and Happiness”．
As we all know，a positive attitude is key to success.If we develop a positive attitude，we will enjoy a happy and success life.
How to develop a positive attitude？First of all，let's always look at a bright side of life.We should never lose a hope even if we suffer from failure.Second，we should learn to laugh more.As Victor Hugo once says，“Laughter is a sun that drives winter from the human face.”When we laugh，we feel relaxed and happily.
Life is like a mirror.Smile at it，and it will smile back at you.Let's keep optimistic attitude and we'll be in
the better position to live a rich and varied life.We are sure to succeed sooner and later.
That's all.Thank you. 答案 Boys and girls，
Good morning！It is ∧ great honor to be here to share with you my opinions on“A Positive Attitude
aLeads to Success and Happiness”．
As we all know，a positive attitude is ∧ key to success.If we develop a positive attitude，we will enjoy
thea happy and success life.
successful
How to develop a positive attitude？First of all，let's always look at a bright side of life.We should
thenever lose a hope even if we suffer from failure.Second，we should learn to laugh more.As Victor Hugo once says，“Laughter is a sun that drives winter from the human face.”When we laugh，we feel relaxed
saidtheand happily. happy
Life is like a mirror.Smile at it，and it will smile back at you.Let's keep optimistic attitude and we'll be in the better position to live a rich and varied life.We are sure to succeed sooner and later. aor
That's all.Thank you.
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