一、定语:
对名词或代词起修饰限定作用,是用来修饰名词或代词的。可作定语的成分有:形容词、代词、数词、名词、动词ing、介词短语后置、不定式后置、句子等。单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。
Mark Twain is a famous writer.(_____________作定语) Yao Ming is a basketball player. (_____________作定语)
I have read a book called Journey to the West. (_____________作定语) Do you have anything to eat?(____________作定语)
She won three toys in the singing competition.(________作定语、_____________作定语) These are Tom’s pens. (______________作定语)
注意:短语或从句作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后。
The boys in the room are in Class Four. (______________作定语)
Please tell me the reason why you are late. (________________作定语) 二、定语从句定义:
以一个完整的句子来修饰限定某一名词或代词。它的作用相当于形容词的作用. I like music that I can dance to. 先行词+关系词+定语从句(陈述句) 三、定语从句两要素
先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句,并代替 先行词在定语从句中充当句子成分,因此关系词既起连接作用,又充当从句中的一个成分。 关系词分关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose)和关系副词(when, where, why)。
A.关系代词用法:关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或事物的名词或代词,并在从句中
充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
先行词(人) + 关系代词who/whom/that +从句 先行词(物) +关系代词that/which + 从句 先行词 指人的词 指人的词 指人或物的词 指物的词 指人或物的词 关系代词 who whom that which whose 在从句中充当的成分 主语、宾语 宾语 主语、宾语、表语 主语、宾语 定语 ①.that引导的定语从句 e.g. He is a person that does what he says. 他是一个说话算数的人。 (person是先行词, that在从句中作___________)
The cat that I bought yesterday is ill. 我昨天买的那只猫病了。 (cat是先行词, that在从句中作____________) 注意:只能用that作关系代词的情况。 1)、当先行词是all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything, nothing, none 等不定
代词时。 Is there anything __________ I can do for you? 2)、当先行词前有the only, the last, the very, any, every, some, no, all, much, little, few, just
等修饰词时。Grace is the last person _________ he saw. 3)、当先行词是序数词(first…)或先行词的前面有序数词修饰时;
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Mary is the first girl _________ got to the top. 4)、当先行词是最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。
Tom is the cleverest boy ______ I have ever known. 5)、当先行词既有人又有物时。
We often talk about the people and the things _________ we are interested in. 6)、当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。
Who is the boy ___________ is standing near the window?
Which is the best movie ___________ you have watched before? ②.who引导的定语从句
A friend who helps you when you have trouble is a real friend. (friend是先行词, who在从句中作___________)
③.whom引导定语从句:
在从句中只能作宾语, 有时可以和who互换, 但介词后只能用whom, 不能用who。 He is the man ________ /_________ I have been looking for.
= He is the man for ____________I have been looking. 他就是我一直在找的人。 ④.which引导的定语从句
I want to take away the book which you showed me yesterday. (book是先行词, which在从句中作_________) The apple which is red is mine.
(apple 是先行词, which在从句中作___________) 注意:只能用which作关系代词的情况。 1)、关系代词前有介词时。
eg: This is the house in __________ they live last year.这是他们去年住过的房子。 2)、先行词本身为that, those时。
eg: What’s that _________ was put in the box?放在盒子里的那个东西是什么啊?
3).引导非限制性定语从句时,只用which.
The tree, ___________ is four hundred years old, is very famous here. ⑤.whose引导的定语从句:
作定语从句主语的定语:先行词与定语从句的主语存在从属关系。 Linda_________ hair is long has read the book.
The dog _________ owner is a doctor can catch the ball. ⑥.关系代词引导的定语从句注意事项: (1)当关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词的单复数形式保持一致。
1). I prefer shoes that ______ cool. (be) 2). I love singers who ______ beautiful. (be) 3). I have a friend who _______ sports. (play) (2).关系代词在从句中作宾语时,常可省略,而在从句中作主语或定语时则不能省略。
1) The young man ( whom ) you saw was our manager.
B.关系副词用法:关系副词在从句中作状语,where表地点,when表时间,why表原因
先行词+关系副词+从句 先行词 关系副词 day、year、time等表示时间的词 when where place、Beijing等表示地点的词 why 表示原因的名词reason
在从句中充当的成分 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 2
1). I always miss the school___________ I studied 3 years ago. 2). We love the place_____________ people are friendly.
3). Can you remember the year ___________ we became friends. 4). I’ll never forget the day ____________ we first met. 5). I don’t know the reason ___________ he was late. 四、定语从句的分类:
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如: This is the house which we bought last month.
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 五、针对性练习。
【练习1】单项选择题。
1. There are lots of things ___________ I need to prepare before the trip. A. who B. that C. whom D. whose
2. We are trying to help those children _____ lost their parents in Yushu, Qinghai Province. A. which B. when C. who D. whose 3. Sorry, we don’t have the coat ______ you need. A. what B. who C. whom D. which 4. I like the teacher ______ classes are very interesting and creative. A. which B. who C. what D. whose 5. I can never forget the stories______ my grandma told me. A. what B. who C. them D. that 6. Jim dislikes people _______talk much but never do anything. A. whom B. when C. whose D. who
7. Friends are those _________ make you smile, always open their hearts to you and encourage you to succeed. A. which B what C whom D who
8. ---Who is your new head teacher this semester? ---The woman ______ is wearing a red skirt. A. whom B. who C. whose D. which 9. Peter likes music _________is very loud and energetic. A. that B. who C. whom D. / 【练习2】用适当的关系代词填空。
1. —Is everything __________ we need to do done? —Yes. You needn’t worry about it.
2. I want to read all the books _____________ were written by Guo Jingming. 3. The book _____________ has a red cover is a storybook.
4. The man ______________ is talking with my mother is my father. 5. He is the only man ______________ wears a hat.
6. I can’t find a house _____________ is suitable for us to live. 7. Is there a zoo _____________ we can see tigers around here? 【练习3】把下列简单句改为含定语从句的复合句。 1.I'll never forget the farm. I visited it in 2003.
I'll never forget the farm ________ ________ __________in 2003. 2.The man teaches us English. He comes from Hainan.
The man ________ ________ ________ ________comes from Hainan. 3.My grandfather doesn't like these songs. These songs are too long. My grandfather doesn't like these songs __________ __________too long.
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课文知识点详解Section A
1. I prefer music that has great lyrics.我更喜欢有好歌曲的音乐。(1a) 【解析1】prefer v → preferring → preferred=like …better更喜欢 (1) prefer A to B=like A better than B 和B相比,更喜欢A (2) prefer to do sth. 更喜欢/宁愿做某事
(3) prefer sb to do sth. 更喜欢/宁愿某人做某事
(4) prefer doing A to doing B 和做B事相比更喜欢做A事
(5) prefer to do sth rather than do sth=would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿做…而不愿做… I prefer to write rather than read=I would rather write than read. 我宁愿写也不愿读。 ( )①.The Smiths ___sending e-mails __letters, because it is faster. A. prefer, to writing B. prefer, to write C. prefers, to writing ( )②. She prefers to eat outside rather than _______at home. A. cook B. cooking C. to cook D. cooks ( )③. Jim prefers tea to coffee.
A. likes…less than B. likes better …than C. likes…better than
( )④. —Do you prefer grapes ________ bananas? —I prefer grapes _______ bananas. A. to, or B. or ,to C. than, to
( )⑤.— I prefer sports shows ______ soap operas. What about you?— Me, too. A. to B. than C. At
2.I love music that I can sing along with。我喜欢能跟着一起唱的音乐。(1c) 【解析】along with 伴随着;与…一起
along with sb./sth.与某人/某物一起 当主语后面接由along with 构成的词组时,谓语动词的形式应与主语保持一致。
( )①.—What do you think of the new comer?—She is easy .
A.to get along with B.to get along C.getting along D.getting along with ( )②.I like the music that I can sing _______ or dance __________.
A.along and; to B.along with; to C.with; for D.along; to 【拓展】all along 自始至终,一直 get along 相处;进展
get along(well) with sb 与某人相处(得好)
3.Carmen likes musicians who play different kinds of music 卡门喜欢演奏不同种类音乐的音乐家。(2a)
【解析】 kind of +adj. 有点,有几分 kind of cold 有点冷
a kind of 一种 all kinds of =different kinds of=many kinds of 不同种类的,各种各样的 adj. 友好的,仁慈的 It’s very kind of you to help me. 你能帮助我,真是太好了。 be kind to sb. = be good to sb.=be friendly to sb. 对某人友好
( )①. It's kind_______ you _______-help me with my English.
A. of; to B. for; to C. of; for D. to; to
( ) ②.—What ____ animals do you like?— Monkeys. I think they’re _____ clever.
A. kind of; kind of B . a kind of ;a kind of C. kind of; a kind D. a kind of ; kind of ( )③ .— It’s going to rain. Let me fetch an umbrella for you.— Thank you ! You are so ____. A. lucky B. kind C. relaxed D. Interesting
4. Xu Fei likes the Australian singer Dan Dervish.徐飞喜欢澳大利亚的歌手丹.德维什。(2a) 【解析】Australia 澳大利亚 Australian adj. 澳大利亚的;澳大利亚人的;澳大利亚人 Europe 欧洲 European 欧洲的;欧洲人 ( )①.Lily is from __________ and she is __________. A.Australia; Australian B.Australian; Australia C.Australia; Australia D.Australian; Australian ( ) ②. —Is Germany______European country? —Yes, it is _______ the middle of Europe.
A.a; in B.an; in C./; to
5.I suppose I’ll just listen to the new CD I bought. 我想我只会听我买的这张新唱片。(2d) 【解析】 suppose V. “推断;料想” 其后常接宾语从句
I/You suppose + that 从句 否定形式:I/You don’t suppose + that 从 否定在前,翻译在后 【拓展】be supposed to do sth 根据规定或按照习惯,应该做某事。
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be not supposed to do sth 不应该
( )①.---He_____ attend at the meeting.--- But in fact he didn’t come.
A.is suppose to B.was suppose to C.was supposed to ( ) ②.I suppose he will be back in an hour. (改为否定句)
I __________ suppose he __________ be back in an hour.
③.I believe that Lucy is allowed to perform a play for the old people.(改为否定句) I ________believe that Lucy _________ ___________ to perform a play for the old people. ④.I think this hat is Betty's. (改为否定句)
I _______ _______ this hat _______ _______.
6. I like smooth music that helps me relax my mind after a long week at work.(2d)
我喜欢悦耳的音乐,它能帮我在漫长的一周工作之后放松自己。
【解析1】smooth adj.“光滑的;平坦的;顺畅的;”→smoothly adv“平滑地;顺利地”。 ( )①.The new kind of material feels _______.
A. softly and smooth B. soft and smooth C. softly and smoothly 7.Well, if you have spare time, do you want to watch a movie with me?(2d) 哦,如果你有空的话,你想和我一起去看电影吗?
【解析】spare adj. 空闲的; in one’s spare/free time “在某人的空闲时间”
( ) ①.He often helps his parents with the housework ________ his spare time.
A.at B.on C.about D.in
( ) ②.I like listening to music in my free time.
A.in her free time B.in mine free time C.in her spare time D.in my spare time
8. What Do You Feel Like Watching Today? (3a 题目)
【解析】feel like 想要……feel like doing = want to do = would like to do想去做某事 ( ) The old man is ill and he doesn’t feel like ______.
A. to eat something B. to eat anything C. eating something D. eating anything 9.While some people only stick to one kind of movie, I like to watch different kinds depending on how I feel that day.(3a) 尽管某些人坚持只看一种电影,但是我依据当天的感觉,喜欢看不同种类的电影。 【解析1】while 此处用作并列连词表示转折、对比,意为“然而” 【拓展】while conj. 当…时候 n. 一会儿,一段时间
after a while 过了一会儿 for a while 一会儿 once in a while 偶尔,
( ) ①.He was born in a poor family, but his parents managed to buy books for him ____.
A.in this way B.in a while C.once in a while D.for a while
( ) ②.一What were you and your parents doing ______it began to rain last night? ----I was doing my homework _______my parents were watching TV.
A.when; when B.while; while C.when; while D.while; when 【解析2】stick -stuck-stuck V. “粘贴;将…刺入,戳” n. “棍;杖;棒” (a) stick to “坚持(意见原则计划决定诺言等)”有 “执意不改变”的意思。 (b)stick … into “把…插入”
( ) ①.—In China, it’s impolite to get chopsticks ______ the rice at the dinner table. —Well, I’ll pay attention to it.
A.stick into B.to stick into C.sticking into D.stuck into
( ) ②. Mother prefers to take a bus to travel, while father _______ to travel.
A.stick to drive B.sticks to driving C.stick driving D.sticks
10. The characters may not be perfect, but they try their best to solve their problems.(3a) 尽管人物或许不完美,但他们尽力去解决自己的问题。 【解析1】may be与maybe may be 情态动词+be结构,意为“也许是” You may be right. maybe adv.作状语,意为“或许,大概”,常用于句首. Maybe you are right. 近义表达: perhaps 也许,大概 probably adv 或许,大概 possibly adv. 或许,可能 ( ) ①.You ______ ill. ______ you should go to the hospital.
A.may are, Maybe B.may be, Maybe C.maybe, Maybe
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( ) ②._______ she isn't at home. She_______ go to Beijing.
A. May; maybe B. Maybe; maybe C. Maybe; may D. May; may 【解析2】try one’s best to do sth= do one’s best to do sth 尽最大努力做某事
try doing sth. 尝试做某事 try to do sth. 努力做某事
have a try 尝试一下 try on 试穿 try out试用,试验,检验
( ) ①.The pair of shoes ______ nice.Can I ______?
A. is; try them on B. is; try on them C. are; try it on D. are; try on it ( ) ②.I have a new idea. I want to ______.
A.try it out B.try out it C.try it on D.try on it ( ) ③.Let’s try our best ________ the earth.
A.protect B.to protect C.Protects
( ) ④.---- I usually go there by train.-----Why not _________ by boat ?
A.to try going B.try to go C.to try to go D.try going
11. After I watch them, my problems suddenly seem less serious and I feel much better again. 看完这样的电影后,我突然感觉我所面对的问题似乎没有那么严重,也感觉好多了。(3a) 【解析1】 “less+形容词或副词”构成比较级,作“较不…”,“更不…”。 ( ) ①.It is ____________ than it was yesterday. 天气不如昨天那样冷。
( ) ②.-Many boy students think math is ______ English. -I agree. I’m poor in English. A. much difficult than B. so difficult as C. less difficult than D. more difficult than 【解析2】much+ adj./adv.比较级
两多 much a lot 两少a little a bit两更 even still 可以用来修饰adj./adv.比较级 ( ) ①.Playing basketball is _________ than watching TV.
A.more healthy B.more healthier C.much more healthier D.much healthier ( ) ②. Is it ___ cheaper and ___ enjoyable to travel by train than by plane?-- Yes, I think so.
A.very; very more B.more; much more C.much; far more D.even; a little 12.Documentaries like March of the Penguins which provide plenty of information about a certain subject can be interesting, but when I’m tired I don’t want to think too much.(3a)像《帝企鹅日记》这样的纪录片或许很有趣,它提供了大量关于某一主题的信息,但是当我累的时候,我不想思考太多。
【解析1】provide 及物动词 提供provide sth. for sb.=provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某物 ( ) ①. I want to ______the children ______ clothes. A.provide; to B.provide; for C.provide; with D.provide; at 【解析2】plenty of 充足的,充足的,足够的,只能用于肯定句。 【拓展】many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of,a number of 用法 a number of“很多;大量”,只能修饰可数名词复数。
many, much常用于否定句和疑问句,而a lot of等则常用于肯定句。 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。 many修饰可数名词, much修饰不可数名词
( ) ①.I am very happy that I will have ___ time to watch TV during the vacation. A. little B. a few C. many D. plenty of
( )②. He drinks _____. He’s got ___ money but not ____ friends. A. a lot; plenty of ; much B. much; a lot of ; many
C. a lot; a lot of; many D. a lot of ; a lot; a lot of
( )③.________students have been to the hospital to see their teacher who is ill these days.
A.A number of B.The number of C.Much D.Little
13. I don’t mind action movies like Spider-Man when I’m too tired to think. (3a) 当我觉得太累而不去思考的时候,我不介意看像《蜘蛛侠》这样的动作片 【解析1】\"too+形容词/副词+to do sth.\" 太…而不能做某事
【拓展】too +adj./adv原级+to do sth too…to… 太….而不能做某事 ( )① They are ____ tired ____on.
A. too; to walk B .too; walking C. can’t ;to work D. very ;to walk ( ) ②– This box is ___ heavy for me to carry. Can you help me? —Certainly. A. so B. much C. very D. too
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③ so…that…与 too…to…的转化
He is too young to go to school. =____________________________________ ④ so…that…与 adj.+enough to do sth.的转化
The man is so strong that he can move the heavy box. =__________________________
14. I can just shut off my brain, sit back and enjoy watching an exciting superhero who always saves the world just in time.我只需要停止思考,坐下来欣赏一个令人激动的超级英雄,他总是能及时拯救世界。(3a)
【解析1】shut V. 关闭,关上 shut off 关闭;停止运转,用于关闭电器或切断煤气水气等。 【拓展】shut构成的短语
turn off 关掉 get off 下车 set off 出发 put off推迟 take off 起飞;脱掉 ①. The plane will_______soon. Everybody should get seated with safety belts. A.turn off B.get off C.take off D.show off
( ).Mr. Clark __ the electricity as quickly as possible when he saw the fire on the machine. A.shut off B.took off C.got off D.set off
15. Once in a while, I like to watch movies that are scary. 偶尔,我喜欢看恐怖电影。(3a) 【解析1】scary adj.可怕的,恐怖的,常修饰事物 scared adj. 害怕的,恐惧的,常修饰人 ( )①.—How do you like the movie you watched last night? —It was so ___________that it made me_____________.
A.scary;scary B.scary;scared C.scared;scary D.scared;scared 16.They can be fun, but I’m too scared to watch them alone. (3a) 【解析1】alone adj./adv. 侧重说明独自一人
lonely adj. 孤独的,寂寞的,侧重主观上的感受 还可以意为荒凉的,偏僻的
( )①.Though John is ________ in a ________ house, but he doesn't feel ________.
A.alone; lonely; alone B.lonely; lonely; alone C.alone; lonely; lonely D.lonely; alone; lonely
17. I always bring a friend who isn’t afraid of these kinds of movies, and it doesn’t feel so scary any more.我总是带上一个不怕这种电影的朋友(一起看),这样也就不再感觉那么可怕了。(3a)
【解析1】be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 be afraid of sth./sb. 害怕某物/某人 be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事
( )①.Most Chinese children like to sleep with their parents.They are ____ the dark.
A.afraid B.afraid of C .afraid to D.afraid in ( )②.First, don't ________ make mistakes.
A.be afraid to B.afraid to C.be afraid of D.be afraid
课文知识点详解Section B
18. I sensed a strong sadness and pain. 我感觉到一种强烈的悲伤和痛苦。(2b) 【解析】v. 感觉到,意识到; sense作名词,感觉,意识,常接介词of。 a sense of duty 责任感; a sense of humour幽默感; a sense of beauty 美感; a sense of safety 安全感;
【拓展】make sense 解释的通,有道理;易于理解,有意义;是明智的,合乎情理的 ( )①.Don't believe him. His words don't ________.
A.take a sense B.take sense C.make a sense D.make sense ( )②.My father is a good driver. He has a pretty good __ of direction. He never __ in the city. A.sense, lose his way B.way, gets lost C.sense, gets lost D.way, loses his way
19.The piece had a simple name, Erquan Yingyue (Moon Reflected on Second Spring), but it was the one of the most moving pieces of music that I’ve ever heard. 这首乐曲有一个很简单的名字,《二泉映月》(月亮倒映在第二个泉里),但它是我曾听过的最令人感动的乐曲之一。 【解析】moving adj 令人感动的,修饰事物 moved 感动的,修饰人move V.使感动;移动 ( )①.Everybody there was _______ by the _______ story. A.moving; moving B.moving; moved C.moved; moved D.moved; moving ( )②.The speech was very ______ , and we were _____ to tears.
A.moved, moved B.moving, moving C.moving, moved D.moved, moving 20.Abing’s father taught him to play many musical instruments, such as the drums, dizi and
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erhu, and by age 17, Abing was known for his musical ability.阿炳的父亲教他演奏许多种乐器,例如鼓、笛子和二胡,到17岁时,阿炳就以他的音乐才能出名了。(2b) 【解析】be known for意为“因……而出名”,相当于be famous for。 be known as意为“以某种身份出名” be known to意为“为……所熟知” ( )①.Lao She is _______ a great writer.
A.known as B.known for C.known with D.known to ( )②.China ________ the Great Wall in the world.
A.is knew for B.is famous as C.is known for D.is known to
21. Even after Abing got married and had a home again, he continued to sing and play on the streets. 甚至在阿炳结了婚,再次有了家之后,他还继续在街上唱歌,弹奏音乐。(2b) 【解析】marry“结婚;嫁;娶;与……结婚”,marry一般不与介词with连用。 married adj. 已婚的 be/get married to sb. 与某人结婚 若问某人是否结婚,而不涉及结婚的对象,用be/get married,相当于系表结构,get married 表动作,be married 表状态。
marry sb. 嫁给某人 marry sb. to sb. 表示“(父母)把女儿嫁给某人”或“为儿子娶媳妇”。 ( )①.When did your father _________ your mother? A.marry B.marry to C.marry with D.get married ( )②.—When did you ________? —Ten years ago.
A.marry with him B.get marry C.get married D.marry to
( )③.---When did your Mum __________your father?-- They ___________ for 15 years. A.marry to; got married B.get married to; have got married C.marry with; have got married D.marry; have been married
22.He performed in this way for many years.他用这种方式表演了许多年。(2b)
【解析】perform动词,“表演” 名词performer“表演者”,performance意为“演出;表演”。 ( )①.A________ is a doctor who can take care of your teeth. A.performer B.dentist C.magician
( )②.I don’t think it is a performance.
A. success B. succeed C. successful D .successfully 23.It is a pity that only six pieces of music in total were recorded for the future world to hear, but his popularity continues to this day.遗憾的是,一共只有6首乐曲被录了下来得以传世,但时至今日,他依旧颇受欢迎。(2b) 【解析】(1)it is a pity that…意为“……是一个遗憾”,it在句中作形式主语,后面由that引导的从句是真正的主语,常用It+be+名词(词组)+that从句结构
(2)pity用作名词,“怜悯;同情”;a pity表示“遗憾的事,懊悔的事,可惜的事”。 What a pity!真可惜! have pity on对…怀着怜悯之情 feel pity for 为…惋惜 ( )①.It’s ________ pity that many wild animals are now in danger. Please have________ pity on them since they are part of our big family. A.a; / B.a; a C./; a D./; /
24.Today, Abing’s Erquan Yingyue is a piece which all the great erhu masters play and praise.如今,阿炳的《二泉映月》是一首被所有的二胡大师演奏并高度评价的乐曲。(2b) 【解析】praise V.“赞扬;表扬”. Praise也可用作不可数名词, in praise of“极力赞美;称赞”。 praise sb. for(doing) sth. 意为“因(做)某事而赞扬某人” praise sth. ( )①.The documentary called Amazing China《厉害了,我的国》wins high __from the public. A.price B.prize C.praise D.practice ( )②.The old photos ______me of my childhood. A.remember B.recall C.remind D.repeat
25.Its sad beauty not only paints a picture of Abing’s own life but also makes people recall their deepest wounds from their own sad or painful experiences. 它哀婉的美【解析】不仅描绘了一幅阿炳自己生活的图画,而且也使得人们唤起他们由于自己的悲伤带来的深深的伤口,或痛苦的经历。(2b)
【解析】recall v. 回忆起,回想起 recall doing sth. 回想起做某事 ( ).Dan was badly hurt in the car accident yesterday and he could hardly_ what has happened.
A.remain B.remind C.review D.recall
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