2019年4月第9卷第8期
经皮椎体成形术后骨水泥椎间隙渗漏的临床疗效观察
向珊珊 陈忠羡 雷洪俊 付兆宗 原向伟中山大学附属江门医院脊柱外科,广东江门 529000
[摘要] 目的 探究椎体成形术后发生椎间隙渗漏时对患者症状及椎间隙高度的影响。 方法 选取2016年2月~2017年5月收治的老年骨质疏松压缩性骨折并予以行椎体成形术(PVP)106例,其中发生椎间隙渗漏27例,未发生骨水泥渗漏79例,发生其他部位渗漏的病例未纳入研究。术后所有病例常规予以抗骨质疏松治疗,并于术后1d,术后1个月,术后3个月,术后1年予以行VAS评分及Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评定,并于术后1年观察椎间隙渗漏的病例较术前椎间隙变化情况。 结果 术后1d、术后1个月、术后3个月、术后1年两组间患者VAS评分及ODI功能障碍指数较术前明显降低(P<0.05),术后1d、术后1个月,术后3个月,术后1年两组间VAS评分及ODI功能障碍指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),骨水泥椎间隙渗漏组术后1年椎间隙明显变窄,和术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 椎体成形术出现椎间隙渗漏后,仍明显改善患者的疼痛症状,但是会造成远期椎间隙高度丢失,影响脊柱稳定性。[关键词] 骨质疏松症;椎体压缩性骨折;椎体成形术;椎间隙渗漏;椎间隙高度
[中图分类号] R681 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2019)08-208-05
Observation on clinical curative effect of intervertebral space
leakage of bone cement after percutaneous vertebro-plasty
XIANG Shanshan CHEN Zhongxian LEI Hongjun FU Zhaozong YUAN XaingweiDepartment of Spine Surgery,Jiangmen Hospital Affiliated to sun Yat-Sen University,Jiangmen 529000,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of intervertebral space leakage after percutaneous vertebro-plasty on symptoms and intervertebral space height. Methods One hundred and six elderly patients with osteoporotic compression fractures who were treated and underwent percutaneous vertebro-plasty(PVP)from February 2016 to May 2017 were selected.Among them,27 cases had intervertebral space leakage,79 cases had no bone cement leakage,and the cases with leakage in other parts were not included in the study.All cases were treated with routineantiosteoporosis after operation.VAS score and Oswestry disability index were assessed on 1 day,1 month,3 months and 1 year after surgery.The changes in intervertebral space of cases with intervertebral space leakage were observed in 1 year after surgery. Results VAS score and Oswestry disability index of1 day,1 month,3 months and 1 year after surgery were significantly decreases than those before surgery(P<0.05).There was no difference in VAS score and Oswestry disability index of 1 day,1 month,3 months and 1 year after surgery between two groups(P>0.05).Intervertebral space of the intervertebral space leakage of bone cement group as significantly narrowed in 1 year after surgery,and the difference was statistically significant compared with that before surgery(P<0.05). Conclusion Intervertebral space leakage after vertebro-plasty can still significantly improve pain symptoms of patients,but it will cause the loss of long-term intervertebral space and affect the stability of the spine.
[Key words] Osteoporosis;Vertebral compression fracture;Vertebro-plasty;Intervertebral space leakage; Intervertebral space height
自Galibert[1]首次使用椎体成形术治疗椎体血管瘤以来,经皮椎体成形术(PVP)已广泛应用于骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折、椎体转移瘤、血管瘤、骨髓瘤等疾病的治疗,并被公认效果显著的治疗方法[2-10]。作为一种经皮微创手术,该手术通过将骨水泥注入的压缩骨折的椎骨,达到止痛和固定骨折块的目的。但同时,也有骨水泥渗漏的并发症发生,有报道指出骨水泥渗漏几率达到了5%~90%[11-15],严重时导致神经脊髓损伤或瘫痪, 目] 广东省江门市医疗卫生领域科技计划项目[基金项(2017A2017)。
甚至死亡。上述并发症主要是由骨水泥渗漏或局部进入椎旁软组织、椎间盘、椎间孔和椎管引起的,或是远端进入心肺系统导致肺栓塞。其中通过终板渗漏至椎间隙最为常见[16-19],本研究通过对PVP术后骨水泥渗漏至椎间隙和无骨水泥渗漏的患者进行了随访研究,以评估其对患者的影响。1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料
选取2016年2月~2017年5月在我院脊柱外科行骨质疏松压缩性骨折行椎体成形术(PVP)
208 CHINA MEDICINE AND PHARMACY Vol.9 No.8 April 2019
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表1 两组手术前后VAS评分、ODI指数比较(x ± s)
指标VAS评分
组别A组B组ZP
ODI指数
A组B组ZP
术前7.97±0.827.85±0.82-0.780.4497.90±1.6097.70±1.-0.660.51
术后1d1.44±0.831.33±0.73-0.420.6614.91±2.3915.85±2.60-1.690.09
术后1个月1.35±0.721.48±0.51-0.950.3414.23±1.8414.59±1.74-1.090.28
术后3个月1.41±0.611.30±0.61-0.490.6313.62±1.5714.04±1.88-1.030.31
·外科研究·
术后1年1.65±0.621.67±0.73-0.490.6214.41±1.4414.22±1.50-0.550.58
注:同一时间两组VAS评分及ODI差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)
的患者。纳入标准:(1)骨质疏松胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者;(2)PVP术后没有出现骨水泥渗漏及出现椎间隙渗漏的患者。排除标准:(1)患者椎体原发性肿瘤、椎体转移瘤、血管瘤、骨髓瘤等疾病;(2)椎体成形术后出现血管、椎管椎体侧方骨水泥渗漏的患者;(3)患有心肺或肝肾功能不全无法手术者。
纳入共106例,其中男22例,女84例;年龄61~82岁,平均(67.2±5.3)岁;198个椎体,其中胸椎109个,腰椎个,患者接受PVP治疗的时间自发病后1~25d,平均7.5d。两组患者的一般资料经比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。为进一步研究骨水泥椎间隙渗漏对患者造成的影响,将无椎间隙渗漏的患者分为A组,共79例;出现椎间隙渗漏的患者分为B组,共27例。1.2 方法
以Nieuwenhuijse等[20]介绍的方法行PVP手术,均行单侧穿刺,胸椎注入骨水泥量3.5mL,腰椎注入骨水泥量为5mL,骨水泥椎间隙渗漏评价方法:术后行X光片及CT检查,确定椎间隙有骨水泥渗漏。术后予以常规抗骨质疏松治疗,术后第2天行影像学检查,并予以当天下地活动,术后第3天出院,出院后于门诊继续予以抗骨质疏松治疗。使用配对t检验比较两组手术前后相应观察指标的差异,使用两样本资料的秩和检验来比较两组手术后各段时间观察指标的差异。1.3 观察指标及疗效评定标准
分别在术前、术后1d、术后1个月、术后3个月、术后1年对患者腰背部疼痛进行视觉模拟评分
[21](VAS),Oswestry功能障碍指数问卷表(Oswestry [22]disability Index,ODI)。对出现骨水泥渗漏的病例,
度的变化。椎间隙高度变化测量:该指标主要测量椎体中部间隙的高度,其测量方法为:在正中矢状面上(侧位片),在椎间隙上下两椎体的中间做标记点,测量出相邻两椎体间直线垂直距离。1.4 统计学处理
利用SPSS17.0统计软件,采用两样本资料的秩和检验来比较两组术后1d、术后1个月、术后3个月及术后1年组间观察指标的差异,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。2 结果
2.1 两组术前及术后评价指标比较
两组手术前VAS评分及ODI差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组间术后1d至术后1年VAS评分及ODI指数,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);椎间隙渗漏组术后1年随访时,椎间隙高度较术前差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1 ~ 2。
表2 手术前及术后1年椎间隙高度比较(x ± s,cm)时间术前术后tP
椎间隙高度0.63±0.110.51±0.0912.90<0.05
3 讨论
由本研究的结果可以看出,尽管有骨水泥渗漏到椎间隙,但患者PVP术后VAS评分及ODI指数较术前都得到很大程度的改善。渗漏组和无渗漏组相比,疼痛缓解效果无明显差异,但是在随访1年后发现,有骨水泥渗漏的椎间隙高度明显丢失。但是,虽然有椎间隙高度的丢失,骨水泥椎
进行为期1年的随访来观测骨水泥渗漏的椎间隙高
CHINA MEDICINE AND PHARMACY Vol.9 No.8 April 2019 209
·外科研究·
间隙渗漏短期内却并未对患者造成腰部疼痛症状的加重。
本研究表明,椎间隙骨水泥渗漏对术后短期内腰背部疼痛的缓解并无负面影响,在术后不同的时间段并不会因为骨水泥的椎间隙渗漏导致疼痛加重。对于远期效果,骨水泥椎间隙渗漏确实会导致椎间盘退变加速,从而导致椎间隙高度丢失,逐渐地、缓慢地影响脊柱正常的序列及稳定性。我们的临床研究结果与倪才方
[23]
2019年4月第9卷第8期
仅可增加单个椎体内骨水泥的量,而且减少骨水泥渗漏;(3)远离椎体后缘注射骨水泥。可以避免骨水泥通过椎体后缘渗漏之静脉系统或者椎管;(4)尽量单侧穿刺。但大量文献表明双侧穿刺对患者症状的改善无差别[24-25],大量研究[26-34]认为单侧穿刺较床侧穿刺具有更少的医疗费、手术时间更短、骨水泥需要量更少、术中放射剂量及并发症更少的优点。尽量使穿刺针过椎体中线,这样在确保骨水泥弥散良好的情况下,单侧穿刺可避免单侧压力过高引起的骨水泥渗漏;(5)顺序注射骨水泥。相对于持续注射骨水泥,顺序注射具有更多的优势[35],首先可实时监控骨水泥的走向,避免渗漏;再者,利用体温和室温之间的温度阶梯,可以增加椎体内骨水泥的粘度,同时保持注射器中的骨水泥的低粘度,降低渗漏风险。
综上所述,骨水泥椎间隙渗漏短期内不会对患者腰背部疼痛造成负面影响。但是长远来看,会使患者椎间隙退变加重,加速患者脊柱退变的进程,手术中应采用多种方法尽量避免椎间隙渗漏,从而进一步减少并发症的发生。
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的动物实验研究
结果一致。所以,虽然短期内骨水泥椎间隙渗漏不会带来很严重的后果,但是从维持脊柱稳定性的角度来说,应尽量避免骨水泥渗漏至椎间隙,这样就能减少椎间盘的损伤,维持椎间盘的完整性,保护椎间盘缓冲的功能,从而减少继发性脊柱退变的发生。
对于椎间隙高度的丢失,笔者认为是由于骨水泥椎间隙的渗漏破坏了椎间盘主要的营养途径供应,椎间隙的营养主要靠终板提供,骨水泥的椎间隙渗漏影响了终板表面的物质交换。此外,椎间隙内的骨水泥占据了椎间盘的空间,进而增加了相应椎间隙的压力,产生局部压力集中,压力的增加可能导致细胞浸润功能低下,从而影响养分吸收,而且骨水泥聚合过程中的放热反应对椎间盘损伤椎间盘细胞。再者,骨水泥的细胞毒性作用可促进椎间盘细胞的凋亡或坏死,所以椎间隙中骨水泥的存在降低了椎间盘的顺应性并增加其负荷,降低椎间盘的缓冲功能,以上几种原因综合作用进一步导致椎间隙变窄。
同时,本研究发现骨水泥椎间隙渗漏并未造成邻位阶段椎体骨折的发生率增加,笔者认为这可能和骨水泥渗漏的部位及量有关,临床手术操作时,当骨水泥出现渗漏时,术者都会停止注射骨水泥,所以绝大多数情况下,骨水泥椎间隙渗漏都较少量,穿透椎间盘组织到达邻位椎体的终板的情况比较少,从而不会直接增加邻位椎体的压力,减少邻位椎体骨折发生几率。
骨水泥渗漏是椎体成形术的主要并发症之一。如何防止骨水泥渗漏成为术者最为关心的问题。在手术过程中,骨水泥可能通过椎体内的缝隙、骨折部位或通过注射椎骨静脉系统的水泥而漏出椎体。笔者认为做到以下几点可以减少骨水泥的渗漏几率:(1)尽量选用侧孔推杆。使用侧孔的推杆注射骨水泥能更好的控制骨水泥弥散的方向;(2)穿刺针尽量远离骨折线。通过带侧孔的推杆使骨水泥通过椎体内的压力差缓慢进入骨折线区域,这样不
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212 CHINA MEDICINE AND PHARMACY Vol.9 No.8 April 2019
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