考研英语(一)模拟试卷127(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（一）模拟试卷127 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing

Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)

【C1】______we hear much about the “ new father” , the man who【C2】______an active role in the day-today care of his children, there is no【C3】______way to be a good father, claims Michael Lamb, a psychologist with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. He says children can do very well in many different situations, and the greater involvement of fathers is the most important when it makes mothers’ lives【C4】______. In the U. S. , about half the men questioned reply that if there【C5】______no job-related penalty, they would like to spend more time with their children. Looked at another way, the other 50% are satisfied the way things are and are saying that they don’t feel any【C6】______desire to spend more time with their children than they currently do. The same【C7】______often ask women if they are satisfied with the【C8】______of their husbands’ participation in child-rearing. Thirty-five to forty percent say they would like their partners to do more. 【C9】______is often overlooked, Lamb says, is that about two thirds of the women are happy【C10】______their spouses’【C11】______level of parental involvement. “The truth is that men ate not asking to be more involved with the children, but women are not trying to【C12】______them more involved,【C13】______. For many【C14】______, both men and women,【C15】______, are【C16】______satisfied with traditional responsibilities. The fact that women don’t necessarily want men to have more involvement in child-rearing has a lot to do with power and privilege in this society. Women fear they may lose power and【C17】______in the family which is the one area in which these had never been questioned.【C18】______, they do not have【C19】______in the world of work. For many women, it’s better to keep their responsibility for pa-renthood【C20】______that means they have what might be called role overload, rather than give some of that status, responsibility and power to a partner. “

1． 【C1】 A．If B．When C．Because D．Although

正确答案：D

解析：根据全句的中心意思，此处表示转折关系，“尽管，虽然”。 知识模块：知识运用

2． 【C2】 A．makes B．does C．takes D．adopts

正确答案：C

解析：与role相搭配，用take。 知识模块：知识运用

3． 【C3】 A．the other B．single C．one D．a

正确答案：B 解析：the other与上下文不符，one和a不如single强调意义强。 知识模块：知识运用

4． 【C4】 A．glad B．happy C．happier D．gladder

正确答案：C

解析：与greater相对应，此处应用比较级，glad一般不用来形容lives，所以选happier。 知识模块：知识运用

5． 【C5】 A．is B．are C．was D．were

正确答案：D

解析：此处were的用法是表示与事实相反的虚拟语气句。“要是没有与工作相关的处罚的话，一半左右被询问的男人们愿意花更多的时间与孩子们在一起”。 知识模块：知识运用

6． 【C6】 A．gigantic B．great

C．tempting D．urging

正确答案：B

解析：四个词中可用来形容desire的只有great。 知识模块：知识运用

7． 【C7】 A．questions B．questioners C．questionnaires D．question-masters

正确答案：C

解析：questionnaire是“调查表，问卷”。questioner是“质问者，发问者”；question-master指“(电视台或广播电台的)智力测验节目主持人”。 知识模块：知识运用

8． 【C8】 A．times B．number C．amount D．standard

正确答案：C

解析：此处指的是丈夫参与抚养孩子工作的多少，所以用amount。 知识模块：知识运用

9． 【C9】 A．Whatever B．What C．The thing D．That

正确答案：B

解析：此处是问句作主语，用what引导。 知识模块：知识运用

10． 【C10】 A．for B．at C．with D．on

正确答案：C

解析：be happy with是固定搭配，即“对……满意”。 知识模块：知识运用

11． 【C11】 A．now B．current C．available D．immediate

正确答案：B

解析：此句意思是“许多妇女对丈夫目前参与抚养孩子的程度比较满意”，所以用cur-rent。 知识模块：知识运用

12． 【C12】 A．drive B．get C．force D．compel

正确答案：B

解析：get sb．involved是固定搭配，即“使某人参与到某事中”。块：知识运用

13． 【C13】 A．yet

B．however C．either D．too

正确答案：C

解析：否定句中“也”用either。 知识模块：知识运用

14． 【C14】 A．reasons

B．explanations C．results D．excuses

正确答案：A

解析：此处指原因，所以用reasons。 知识模块：知识运用

15． 【C15】 A．on average B．in average C．at the average D．in the average

知识模

正确答案：A

解析：on average是固定搭配，意为“平均起来，平均说来”。 知识模块：知识运用

16． 【C16】 A．altogether B．around

C．more or less D．about

正确答案：C

解析：与on average相呼应，此句意思是“不管丈夫或妻子，平均说来都或多或少对传统角色比较满意”，所以用more or less；around与about为介词；altogether不符合句意。 知识模块：知识运用

17． 【C17】 A．occupation B．strata C．position D．status

正确答案：D

解析：与power相对应，此处应用一个表示地位的词，position不含有相对地位高低之意；strata是“社会阶层”，所以用status。 知识模块：知识运用

18． 【C18】 A．Nevertheless B．However

C．At the same time D．While

正确答案：C

解析：此句与上句意思并列，所以用at the same time。 知识模块：知识运用

19． 【C19】 A．rights B．equality C．privilege D．opportunity

正确答案：B

解析：equality意为“平等”，privilege意为“特权，特别待遇”。 知识模块：

知识运用

20． 【C20】 A．while B．yet C．even if D．if

正确答案：C

解析：此处句意转折，所以用让步连词even if。 知识模块：知识运用

Grammar

21． Jack wishes that he______business instead of history when he was in university.

A．had studied B．study C．studied

D．had been studying

正确答案：A

解析：从when he was in university判断，杰克是对过去已发生过的事情表示遗憾。 知识模块：虚拟语气

22． He moved away from his parents, and missed them ______ enjoy the exciting life in New York.

A．too much to B．enough to C．very much to D．much so as to

正确答案：A 解析：不定式短语too…to作结果状语。“too+adj./adv．+to do”意为“太……而不能”。 知识模块：非谓语动词

23． I meant______the matter with you, but I had some guests then. A．discuss B．discussing

C．having discussed D．to have discussed

正确答案：D

解析：be，wish，hope，mean，intend，plan等动词的过去式以及would like，should like与动词不定式的完成时连用，表示过去想做而未做的事。 知识模块：

非谓语动词

24． ______, I must do another experiment. A．Be it ever so late B．It is ever so late C．It be ever so late D．So late it be ever

正确答案：A

解析：be可用来引导让步状语从句，但必须提前到句首用倒装结构。 知识模块：状语从句

25． ______ wealthy does not necessarily mean that a man is greedy. A．For the reason that he is B．The reason of being C．Just because he is D．That he is

正确答案：D

解析：that引导的从句作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数。介词for引导的短语，只能作状语，不能作主语。because引导的从句也只能作状语，不能作主语。表示“理由、原因、缘故”的reason作主语时谓语动词一般用be动词。 知识模块：语法

26． AIDS is said______the No. 1 killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region.

A．being B．to be

C．to have been D．having been

正确答案：C

解析：从时间状语“over the past few years”可知此处要用现在完成时，即be said to havebeen。 知识模块：语法

27． Among the first to come and live in North America ______, who later prospered mainly in New England.

A．had been Dutch settlers B．Dutch settlers were there C．were Dutch settlers

D．Dutch settlers had been there

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查的是状语前置的主谓倒装句型，among引导的短语在句首时

句子应该用倒装。因此本题答案为C。 知识模块：语法

28． Each man and woman must sign______full name before entering the examination room.

A．his B．her C．their D．one’s

正确答案：A

解析：由each修饰的可数单数名词(不论有几个each…and each…)作主语时需用第三人称单数谓语；后面若出现反指代词时也要用单数代词；若each修饰的两个名词均是表示女性的名词，后面的反指代词用阴性单数she／her／hers；若两个名词均为男性或一男一女，则用阳性单数代词he／him／his。 知识模块：语法

29． There was no point______out until the storm had really stopped. A．in going B．by going C．of going D．to go

正确答案：A

解析：在“There is no point”句式后面习惯上常跟in+-ing。在这个句式中，point还可换用use／good／sense／fun等名词。 知识模块：语法

30． I was______worried when they didn’t come home. A．more annoyed as B．less annoyed as C．more annoyed than D．as annoyed more than

正确答案：C

解析：more annoyed than worried“与其说使我担心不如说使我生气”。than后面实际上是省略了“I was”的比较状语从句，说全了应是“I was more annoyed than I was worried”。 知识模块：语法

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

Control an University Logistic Number, Boycott School Fees Rise Over the last two decades, colleges and universities doubled their full-time support staff while

enrollment increased only 40 percent, according to a new analysis of government data. During the same period, the staff of fulltime instructors, or equivalent personnel, rose about 50 percent, while the number of managers increased slightly more than 50 percent. The data, based on United States Department of Education filings from more than 2,782 colleges, come from 1987 to 2007, before the current recession prompted many colleges to freeze their hiring. Neither the report nor outside experts on college affordability went so far as to argue that the increase in support staff was directly responsible for soaring tuition. Most experts say that the largest driver of tuition increases has been the decline in state financing for higher education. Still, the findings raise concerns about administrative bloat, and the increasing focus on the social and residential nature of college life, as opposed to academics. “ On a case-by-case basis, many of these hiring decisions might be good ones, but over all, it’s not a sustainable trend.” Said Pat Callan, president of the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education. “ At a time when we’re trying to do something to hold down tuition increases,” Mr. Callan added, “this gives us a pretty good clue where we ought to be looking. And it does raise questions about the conventional wisdom that you can’t do anything to control tuition without affecting academic quality.” The growth in support staff included some jobs that did not exist 20 years ago, like environmental sustainability officers and a broad array of information technology workers. The support staff category includes many different jobs, like residential-life staff, admissions and recruitment officers, fundraisers, loan counselors,etc. “A lot of it is definitely trying to keep up with the Joneses,” said Daniel Bennett, a labor economist. “ Universities and colleges are catering more to students, trying to make college a lifestyle, not just people getting an education. There’s more social programs, more athletics, more trainers, more sustainable environmental programs.” On average, public colleges have about 8 employees per 100 students, and private colleges about 9, according to the report. In the 20-year period, the report found, the greatest number of jobs added, more than 630, 000, were instructors—but three-quarters of those were part-time. Converted to full-time equivalents, those resulted in a total of 939,000 teaching jobs, up from 614,000 in 1987. The largest number of full-time jobs added, more than 278,000, were for support staffs, and grew to more than half a million positions in 2007, from 292,000 in 1987. Colleges also added some 65, 000 management positions, almost all of them full time; all told, they had 185, 000 managers in 2007, up from about 120,000 managers 20 years earlier.

31． Why did many colleges stop hiring more staff?

A．Because the rate of support staff growth surpassed that of enrollment growth. B．Because they had more staff than needed.

C．Because the current economic depression caused them to do so. D．Because the staff expenditure was too high.

正确答案：C

解析：事实细节题。由题干中的many colleges stop hiring more staff定位到第二段的后半部分．．．before the current recession prompted many colleges to freeze their hiring．可知，经济衰退使得大学停止招人。故C“经济萧条使他们这样做”与这一点一致。A“后勤人员的增长速度超过了在校学生的增长速度”，这句话与本文讲述的内容相符，但不是学校停止招人的原因，故排除；B“职员人数过多”，文章中并没有提及这一点，故排除；D“人员支出过高”，文中根本没有涉及这一点，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

32． What is believed by most experts to be the main reason for increasing tuition?

A．The increasing number of the full-time support staff.

B．The reduction in the government funding for higher education. C．The rising inflation in the country. D．The increasing number of the students.

正确答案：B

解析：事实细节题。由题干中的the main reason for increasing tuition定位到第三段末句．．．the largest driver of tuition increases has been the decline in state financing for higher education．可知，推动学费上涨的主要原因是州提供给高等教育的资金减少了。故B“的高等教育资金减少”与文章中提到的原因相符。A“全职后勤人员数量增加”，这只是其中的一项原因，但并不是最重要的原因，故排除；C“国内通货膨胀率上升”，文中没有提及这一点，故排除；D“学生人数增加”，这并不是其中的原因，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

33． Which of the following belongs to support staff? A．Instructors. B．IT workers. C．President.

D．Department dean.

正确答案：B

解析：事实细节题。由题干中的belongs to support staff定位到第七段。从该段可以看出后勤人员包括了环境可持续发展、信息技术人员、住宿管理人员、招生录取、基金筹募人员、贷款咨询顾问。故B“信息技术人员”属于后勤人员范畴。A“大学讲师”、C“校长”和D“系主任”都不属于后勤人员，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

34． According to Mr. Bennett, universities and colleges significantly increase the number of their full-time support staff because______.

A．they needed more staff to provide more desired services for students B．they did not want to fall behind the Jones family C．the student number was on the increase

D．they were trying to make college more than a place to get education

正确答案：A

解析：推理判断题。由题干中的according to Mr．Bennett定位到第八段。由该段可知，后勤人员在努力工作，不让落在兄弟院校的后面。大学现在为学生提供更多的服务，让大学成为一种生活方式，而不仅仅是人们接受教育的场所。故A“学校需要更多的职员为学生提供服务”与第八段内容相符。B“他们不想落在琼斯一家人后面”，这是对keep up with the Joneses的错误理解，与本文无关，故排除；C“学生人数在增加”这是与文章内容相符的陈述，但不是贝奈特先生给出的理由，故排除；D“他们想让大学不仅仅成为人们接受教育的地方”，这与第八段内容一致，但不是高校增加后勤人员的直接原因，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

35． What can we infer from the passage?

A．Over the last two decades, colleges altered the composition of their work force.

B．In the past twenty years, the number of full-time instructors increased by 630,000.

C．All the managerial positions added during the period from 1987 to 2007 were full time.

D．There were altogether 614,000 teaching positions in the United States in 2007.

正确答案：A

解析：推理判断题。A“过去20年里大学的人员构成发生了变化”，这与文章内容相符，由第一段可知后勤人员、教师和管理人员的数量有了不同程度的增长，而从第七段第一句可知，在过去20年里产生了一些新的后勤岗位，这都说明人员构成发生了变化。B“过去20年里全职讲师的人数增加了63万人”，这与文章倒数第二段的内容不相符，实际上这63万人中有四分之三是兼职，故排除；C“1987至2007年间增加的管理岗位都是全职的”与末段内容不相符，由末段可知“增加的管理岗位基本都是全职的”，故排除；D“2007年全美共有61．4万个教师岗位”，这与倒数第二段内容不相符，61．4万是1987年的数字，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

How’s this for unintended consequences? Some of the biggest beneficiaries(受惠者)of the women’s movement have been married men. According to a new study by the Pew Research Center, married men have a 60% higher average household income than they did in 1970, even adjusted for inflation. Unmarried men, on the other hand, only got a 16% bump. One reason for the rise is that more men are marrying women who make more money than they do, mainly because there are more high-income women to go around. In 1970, just 4% of men at the age of 30 to 44 had wives who brought in more money than they did. By 2007, more than a fifth of men in that age range had wives who out-earned them. Members of this thriving demographic(人口统计学的)are effectively doubling their income or more when they wed, without doubling their costs. Aside from the increase in white-collar women, the other trend summed up by the Pew Research Center is that marriage rates have

declined most sharply among the least educated men and women, which helps explain why the average household income figures for married men have pulled even further ahead of those for their single counterparts. More of the least rich are unmarried than before. The study, which drew on household income data from the Decennial Census and the 2007 American Community Survey, showed that the biggest gainers were married college-educated men. The biggest losers were unmarried men who did not complete high school or who only had a high school diploma. After adjusting for inflation, the 2007 unmarried low-income men and women had lower household incomes than their 1970 counterparts. “The steeper decline in marriage among the less educated has contributed to a steeper decline in their income,” says one of the study’s authors, D’Vera Cohn. The trend has a dark side, says Dalton Conley, social sciences dean at New York University. “High-income women marrying high-income men is one of the drivers of inequality,” he says. “It affects the distribution of income between families. “ He notes that among college-educated high-income couples, the divorce rate is getting lower, while unmarried low-income men and women tend to partner up and then uncouple more rapidly. “This leads to family instability and a cycle of disadvantage,” says Conley.

36． What do we know about the unmarried men, according to the last sentence of the first paragraph?

A．They got a 16% increase in household income. B．They got a 16% decrease in household income. C．Only 16 % of them were in financial difficulty. D．Only 16% of them earned more than in 1970.

正确答案：A

37． “Members of this thriving demographic” are______. A．men who marry at the age of 30 to 44 B．women whose husbands age 30 to 44 C．men whose wives earn more than they do D．women who earn more than their husbands

正确答案：D

38． It is found by the Pew Research Center that more and more of the least educated men______.

A．earn less than their wives

B．are declined by white-collar women C．refuse to marry white-collar women D．have to remain single

正确答案：D

39． Compared with the 1970 unmarried low-income men, their 2007 counterparts

A．had even less education B．had lower marriage rates

C．had slower growth in household income D．had more trouble adjusting for inflation

正确答案：B

40． What does Conley imply by saying “This leads to family instability”? A．Education determines the family stability. B．Income determines the family stability.

C．Marriage rate is the index of family stability. D．Divorce rate is the index of family stability.

正确答案：D

The Inland Revenue on Thursday accused the British film industry of abusing government aid, with every production of recent years deliberately over-claiming tax relief. Revenue officials called in about 20 members of the film industry and warned them of severe consequences if the “exploitation” of tax-relief schemes did not immediately stop. The move, which affects the including low to high-budget film-makers and financiers, is the latest in a series of attempts by the Revenue to clamp down on tax loopholes in an attempt to raise more money for the Exchequer, But the film industry responded on Thursday night, saying the Revenue could drive productions overseas and would confuse investors. A series of tax relief schemes, introduced in 1997, enables those involved in the financing of qualifying British-made films to claim the costs of production against future income. The schemes have Become popular with investors seeking a tax shelter, with an estimated ￡400m invested in the schemes in 1997 rising to about ￡2bn last year. But the Revenue said the industry was exploiting rules on tax relief by “double dipping”, that is, by claiming relief more than once against a single piece of expenditure. While not illegal, the Revenue said, the industry was “not playing fair”. It said double-dipping was “against the spirit” of legislation designed to encourage investment in the British film industry. The Revenue said the practice of double dipping was “virtually universal”, with “every qualifying film it had seen financed on the basis of double dipping”. It warned it would “take all steps to counter such abuse including, where necessary, advising ministers on introducing legislation to put matters beyond doubt”. “Both the Revenue and the government are becoming increasingly exasperated at the extent to which some parts of the industry are exploiting the film reliefs”, the Revenue said. “The government remains committed to encouraging film production in the UK through use of the reliefs in the way in which the legislation allows—but this does not extend to deliberate exploitation of those

reliefs”. Large film financiers said on Thursday night that the Revenue’s action could undermine growth prospects for the British film industry. Peter James, managing director of Movision Entertainment, which has produced 16 British-made films in recent years, including the soon-to-be released “Merchant of Venice”, said while the effect of the Revenue’s clamp down would not Be “devastating”, it could drive many independent film-makers overseas. Industry observers said on Thursday the Revenue’s move was likely to confuse investors, who have been accustomed to the benefits of double-dipping.

41． We can learn from the first three paragraphs that ______. A．film-makers turn to the government for financial help B．several actions have been taken to stop tax evasion C．officials have phoned up many film makers to protest D．more tax relief is needed to keep the industry going

正确答案：B 解析：这是一道简单推论题，第三段说最近这次行动是一系列行动中最近一次，由此可见答案选项正确。

42． According to the text, tax relief schemes were intended to ______. A．attract more investment into the film industry B．ensure the interests of investors against losses C．check the rise of film production expenditures D．prevent the invasion of overseas film makers

正确答案：A

解析：本题询问当初税收减免计划的意图，第五段开头句”involved in the financing of qualifying British-made films”强调资助英国电影行业的投资商可以享受税收减免，由此可见该计划的真实意图是”吸引更多的投资到电影产业”。

43． The Revenue’s last resort in solving the problem seems to be ______. A．removing tax relief B．protesting more loudly C．warning last time D．making new laws

正确答案：D

解析：这是简单推论，问税务局解决问题的最后一招大概是什么。依据第七段第二句可知，税务局说在必要时会建议们立法，从而最终解决问题。removing tax relief太绝对了，何况第八段还说”remain committed to encouraging...”。

44． In the last three paragraphs, the writer intends to show ______. A．the disappointment of the film industry at Revenue’s decision B．the state of worry in the minds of film investors

C．the reactions to the Revenue’s move of parties concerned D．the way out of the present difficult situation

正确答案：C

解析：这是一道局部提问题。综合后几段可知，其主要是介绍与电影相关的各方对税务部门做法的反应。

45． Which of the following is the best title of the text? A．Film-makers Accused of Abusing Aid B．Problems with the Film Industry C．Inland Revenue’s Actions

D．A Clash: Revenue vs. Film Industry

正确答案：A

解析：这是一道主旨题。由于这是一篇新闻报道，第一段的信息就非常有助于概括全文，仔细理解第一段就可知道。

Part B (10 points)

46． In the following text, some sentences have been removed. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Nonverbal communication is hugely important: in any interaction with others, its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures. (41)______. Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant, but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words themselves. In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as a whole. (42)______. For instance, it may be more socially acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult. In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or mask sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. (43)______. For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness, this smile may seem out of place and even cold, under the circumstances. Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures, their interpretations remain culture specific. It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions. (44)______. In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach, a researcher noticed that the French

children tended to stay in a relatively small space near their parents, while US children ranged up and down a large area of the beach. (45)______. These examples of differences related to nonverbal communication are only the tip of the iceberg. Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources, and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences.A. These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict. Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations due to a death in her family. She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural belief that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others.B. Another variable across cultures has to do with ways of relating to space. Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about polite space for conversations and negotiations. North Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space, perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside. Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking, and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces.C. Americans are serious about standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs in democracy and the principle of “first come, first served”. The French, on the other hand, have a practice of line jumping, that irritates many British and U S Americans.D. Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense, we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spatial relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behavior.E. The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist, but the judgments that get attached to them. If someone is accustomed to standing or sitting very close when they are talking with another, they may see the other’s attempt to create more space as evidence of coldness, or a lack of interest.F. It is said that a German executive working in the United States became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves that he had it bolted to the floor.G. Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. Differences surface with respect to which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom.

正确答案：D

47．

正确答案：G

48．

正确答案：A

49．

正确答案：B

50．

正确答案：E

Part B

The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. (42)______This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction. Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004.(43)______ When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local; Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding.(44)______ This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.(45)______That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food

security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior; all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

51．

正确答案：E 解析：此题可以通过上下文的衔接和代词指代来确定答案。空格前一句谈到“这种巨大的能源不是当今全球问题的主要影响因素，这些问题包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和健康问题”，空格后谈到“人类有必要的农业技术工具来消除饥饿”，空格处应该填入的选项可以连接前后句的内容，既包括谈及全球问题，又包括谈及解决问题的选项只有E项。该项首句提到的these issues即指代空格前所提及的全球问题以及该项第二句的climate change举例说明即是空格前所列出的问题之一，并且该项提及解决气候变化的问题，很好地启示了下文。

52．

正确答案：F

解析：本题可以通过连贯性原则和代词指代来确定答案。上段末句提到“问题也带有社会因素：对食物的组织和分配、财产和财富”，空格后谈到“这是一种耻辱，社会应该抓住机会提升它在真实世界中的影响”，并且应用了社会科学家的话语来表明应该采取行动，即：上段末句提到的问题，空格前谈到存在问题，那么接下来应该解决问题，但是空格后谈到这是一种耻辱，然后纠正应该解决问题，所以空格处应该承上启下，表达没有解决问题这个含义，因此F项“尽管存在这些因素，很多社会科学家不愿意解决此问题”为正确选项，该项中these factors指代上段末句提到的社会因素，而“很多科学家不愿意解决此问题”就是下文提及的this。

53．

正确答案：B

解析：本题可以通过原词复现和逻辑关系来确定答案。空格前一句讲到“the number of papers including…have increased rapidly…”，紧接着在选项B中也出现了“the number”，属于原词复现。从逻辑关系的角度来看，选项B有一个明显的转折词“however”，这说明其表达的含义与空格前信息相反，该选项提到“the numbers are still small”(数量非常小)，空格前信息是“the number…increased rapidly”(数量增长非常迅速)，两者在语意上构成了明显的转折关系。所以正确答案为B。

．

正确答案：G

解析：本题设在段落中间，可以通过段落一致性代词指代来确定答案。该段第一句提到：“The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding”，其表达的含义是：事情的问题不是可用资金的数目。那接下来要讲的内容一定和资金有关系。空格后出现了代词，“this is an adequate amount”，其含义是：这个资金数目是足够的。那么this指代的内容一定和adequate amount相关，而选项G的题干是“national spending varied from 4％ to 25％”，其表述的内容正是资金的总量。因此选项G为正确答案。

55．

正确答案：C

解析：本题设空在段落中间，应瞻前顾后地依据连贯性原则确定答案。空格前的信息是指欧盟提议取消了之前设定的专门投资支持社会科学家的项目，其目的不是为了忽略社会科学家，而是完全相反，即文章中的“complete opposite”，根据语意衔接，接下来会说明欧盟这一做法的真正目的，并且这一目的对于社会科学家一定是积极的。选项C中的the idea指代空格前出现的“it was proposed that…”，即欧盟的提案。除此之外，空格后提到了collaborative endeavors，与选项C中的短语integrate with构成了同义替换。

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

56． Stephen M. Saland, chairman of the State Senate Education Committee, is a conservative upstate Republican, and Steven Sanders, chairman of the Assembly Education Committee, is a liberal New York City Democrat. But when it comes to education, they have much in common. Neither is a fan of the federal No Child Left Behind Law and its extensive testing mandates. Both say that standardized tests are too dominant in public schools today. That has at times put the two education chairmen in conflict with the state education commissioner, Richard P. Mills. (46)During his 10-year tenure, Dr. Mills has turned New York into one of the most test-driven public systems in the nation, requiring students to pass five state tests to graduate. (47)For months now, the legislative leaders and the commissioner have been locked in a little-noticed fight over the future of 28 small alternative public high

schools, a fight that may well be the final stand for opponents of standardized testing in New York. Senator Saland and Assemblyman Sanders are doing their best to protect these schools in New York City (Urban Academy, Manhattan International), Ithaca (Lehman Alternative) and Rochester (School Without Walls) and help them retain their distinctive educational approach. (48)Instead of the standard survey courses in global studies, American history, biology and chemistry pegged to state tests, these schools favor courses that go into more depth on narrower topics. At Urban Academy, there are courses in Middle East conflicts, world religions, post-Civil War Reconstruction and microbiology. In the mid-1990’s, the former education commissioner, Thomas Sobol, granted these 28 consortium schools (serving 16,000 students, about 1 percent of New York’s high school population) an exemption from most state tests. That permitted a more innovative curriculum, and students were evaluated via a portfolio system that relies on research papers and science projects reviewed by outside experts like David S. Thaler, a Rockefeller University microbiology professor, and Eric Foner, a Columbia history professor. The Gates Foundation, which has given hundreds of millions of dollars to start small high schools nationwide, is so impressed with these schools, and it regularly sends educators to New York to see how they’re run. But the testing exemption for these schools is about to expire, and Commissioner Mills does not want it renewed. He believes that all students, without exception, should take every test. Recently, Senator Saland defied the commissioner. He shepherded a bill through the Republican-controlled Senate that passed 50 to 10 and would continue these schools’ waivers for four years. (49)Senator Saland’s bill does require that students pass the state English and math tests to graduate, letting the state gauge the alternative schools’ performance versus mainstream schools. On the Senate floor, Senator Saland noted that while 61 percent of consortium students qualified for free lunches and three-quarters were black or Hispanic, 88 percent went on to college, compared with 70 percent at mainstream schools that give state tests. (50)He said that the dropout rate was half the rate at mainstream schools and that on the one statewide test these students took regularly, English, they scored an average of 77, outdoing mainstream students by 5 points.

正确答案：Mills博士在他的十年任期内让纽约市采用了全美最受考试驱动的教育体系，要求学生通过5门国家考试才能毕业。

解析：这是一个简单句，现在分词requiring...进一步说明前一个句子所提出的观点。test-driven意为”受考试驱动的”。

57．

正确答案：几个月以来，这两个参议员和那位教育专员就28所国立教育试验中学的未来进行着一场外人不甚了解的争斗，这场争斗可能是纽约标准化测试反对者所做出的最后努力。

解析：这是一个复合句，最后有一个补充说明用的同位语。alternative schools指的是”教育实验学校”，final stand这里是”最后的防御手段”的意思。

58．

正确答案：这些学校愿意采用对更加具体的主题进行深入探讨的课程，而不是使用固定在国家考试中的如世界研究，美国历史，生物和化学等概况类教程．

解析：这是一个复合句，含有一个修饰course的定语从句，过去分词短语pegged to state test起到定语的作用。peg意为”固定”。

59．

正确答案：参议员Saland的议案确实要求学生通过国家英语和数学考试才能毕业，并且要求国家参照主流学校学生的考试成绩来评估试验学校的表现。

解析：这是一个复合句，require后有一宾语从句，现在分词短语letting...是作补充用的状语。gauge意为”评价，测量”。

60．

正确答案：他说，试验学校的辍学率只有主流学校的一半，在一个这所实验学校学生定期参加的全国性的英语考试中，他们的平均分为77分，比主流学校学生的平均分高出了5分。

解析：这是一个复合句，含有二个并列的宾语从句，在后一个宾语从句中有一个修饰 test的定语从句，和一个起到补充说明的现在分词短语。dropout意为”辍学”，outdo意为”超过”。

Section III Writing

Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)

61． An annual English essay contest is to be held by Students’ Union. As organizer of the event, write an announcement to1) state the basic requirements,2) clarify the way to publicize the result, and3) inform the public of the deadline for entering the contest.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the announcement. Use “Students’ Union” instead. (10 points)

正确答案： An AnnouncementJan. 19th, 2013 Students’ Union of Peking University announces the rules for entering the contest of the fourth English Essay Contest1. You may enter only one essay. Type the essay you enter, double-spaced, on standard typing paper. Essays can not be returned. Remove all identification from the essay. Fill out the entry form and staple it to the front of your essay. Give the essay to president of Students’ Union of your department. He will enter it in the contest for you.2. Winners will be notified before the end of the Spring term, 2013. Prizes will be similar to those listed in this year’ s Guide to

Composition.3. The deadline for entering the contest is February 17, 2013.Students’ Union (119 words)

解析：本文对大赛的参赛细则交代得十分具体，这正是通知类写作的重要特点。 知识模块：应用文写作

Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)

62． Write an essay of 160 — 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.

正确答案： What a thought-provoking picture it is! The picture presents two students who are having a conversation. The rich student says his father has given him 100 yuan while the poor student says he will give his full-mark (100 marks) paper to his father. The picture aims to spark off a debate over what to be proud of. Basically, two phenomena should be taken into consideration. For one thing, nowadays some people prefer showing off wealth. For example, some rich young people like posting the photos of their expensive clothes, bags, cars, houses, parties and vacations on the Internet. For another, there are still people who favor their own achievements. For example, some people enjoy sharing their improvements in their careers and daily life. The former phenomenon is not welcomed. It will exert a negative impact on people. Showing off wealth will distract people from their work and study. In this sense, it does harm to people’s healthy growth and makes them unable to stand themselves in good stead in the competitive society. Therefore, it is wise and acceptable to pay attention to achievements. To achieve it, young people

should be educated to realize the value of their own success and voluntarily seek it. 涉及知识点：短文写作