1月23号

2010年1月23日无忧雅思A类机经

2010年1月23日

V100123

听力：两旧两新

Section 1: 一位男士在专机时，有位女士给男士做调查。女士是机场的工作人员，给男士

做口头调查。

1. 你为什么在机场？ 答案是C. transit. 2. 你要等多少时间？答案是C .more than 3 hours. 3. 你对voucher持什么态度？答案是C. Unattractive. 4. 给机场提供可以进步的意见。(三选题) 应该是:beds,， 5. 然后选择是Cinema 6. 最后是选择Fish tank.7. 问一年飞多少次，应该是208. 男的再飞机场喜欢用他自己的什么设备，是laptop。

9. 让那个男的用一个词形容自己的生活， 应该是“enjoyable”

10. 那个男的希望坐飞机时有什么/飞机提供的服务要改善什么？是fruit,也有可能是fruits.

Section 2: 汽车展

11. 第一题问车展的开始时间：19th March 12. 参观人数：70，000

13. 正常工作日孩子的票价是5英镑 14. 建议什么时间去参加车展：Sunday15. 游乐有racing car 16. power by electricity17.下面的四题都是Matching题,选择B 18. C19. C20. ASection 3=v30090S3(一个男生咨询课程，有三种module).

21. 考古学这门课不能和Classical History同选except classical history 22. 三个compulsory modules 、

23. title：Objective Matters The Material Method24. 内容classification 25. 评分的标准是by course work 是以course work来给最后成绩 26. 第2个module的title：Towns and Cities 27. 内容：Origins 28. 评分标准是：Oral exam 29. 另外评分标准是50% lab work,另外50％听的是seminars 30. location会迟些说明

Section 4=V30079s4(讲自行车的发展历史Bicycle history的2个表格)

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《无忧雅思阅读机经》无忧雅思机经 机经中的机精

Table gap filling. 年代

特点

优点

faster than walking and

requires1）. less effort than walking 3）Smoother for ride

缺点

but not good for long distance

1930S’ No pedals, driving by

feet

2）Linked pedal to wheel 1970S’

but jolt too much on rough road

Unsafe for woman

but still 7） uncomfortable to ride because the wheels are too small

1980S’ its two wheels' sizes are different Uses 4）rubber

tyro

chain connected the 6）safer 1990S’ 5）

pedal and the wheel

8-10）第二个表格是关于二十世纪的 不同部分 特点

Gear (齿轮) Free speed peddles can go without pedaling downhill gear is used for optimization Rate of speed gear is used on the Back wheel

阅读

Passage1: 猿类保护（Ape）

题型: Matching(人名观点) & T/F/NG & Summary

内容：关于APE的。说他们现在面临一些危险，然后就介绍了。然后有说他们一起生活会

比较容易生存，抵抗疾病能力比较强啊，扩大物种多样性啊，虽然在它们数量很多的地方都有出台保护措施或者法律但是因为没有很好的执行，所以他们还是在受着危害。还有是人类疾病对他们的传染，因为他们没有提到了肺炎了另一种我不认识的病，然后呼吁投入更多的资源去解决，比如专家啊什么。最后是说森林的clearance对他们栖息地也造成了影响，great ape的。

Summary：ONE WORD ONLY（在人类疾病对它们传染那块）

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Passage2: 气候变暖（Global Warming）

题型: Summary & Matching & Multiple Choice(多选) & Multiple Choice(主旨)

内容：讲天气变化对人类及地球上动物的影响。说的是比起global warming，人类才是真正

威胁WILDLIFE的原因，然后就举例子啦干嘛的。当然了，它也说道了global warming对他们的影响，其中有一题多选就是问这个。开始的时候，人们都没有意识到是自己对它们造成危害，以为是global warming造孽。现在才开始意识到。接着有说可以根据一些动物的行为异常来判断global warming。 Multiple Choice：选主旨 B

Passage3: 人类语言的发展

内容：是一场语言是如何诞生的一系列说法，研究调查什么的。和一般类似的一样，先是提

出一种说法，语言是近些年出现的什么的，不过介绍的比较简单，就第一段提的。后面就开始说其他新近的理论，质疑那种说法，比如环境的影响后，人脑大小，大脑发展快慢，原因，还讨论到了其他非人类物种的脑袋，最后还提到了文化，我忘了说文化干什么。然后举出种种发现来证明原来的说法有问题。

Matching：有两个他们两个都没提到(好像是他们都提到了)

Y/N/NG：科学技术能不能影响人的大脑体积，我选的是YES；最后两题选NOT GIVEN Matching：1.2million；2.5million；1.2million

原文再现：When did we start talking to each other and how long did it take us to become so good at it? In the absence of palaeo-cassette recorders or a time machine the problem might seem insoluble, but analysis of recent evidence suggests we may have started talking as early as 2.5m years ago.

There is a polar divide on the issues of dating and linking thought, language and material culture. One view of language development, held by linguists such as Noam Chomsky and anthropologists such as Richard Klein, is that language, specifically the spoken word, appeared suddenly among modern humans between 35,000 and 50,000 years ago and that the ability to speak words and use syntax was recently genetically hard-wired into our brains in a kind of language organ.

This view of language is associated with the old idea that logical thought is dependent on words, a concept originating with Plato and much in vogue in the 19th century: animals do not speak because they do not think. The advances in communication and abstract thought demonstrated by chimps and bonobos such as the famous Kanzi put this theory in doubt.

The notion of a great leap forward in the quality of human thinking is further reflected in a common interpretation of the flowering of Upper Palaeolithic art in Europe. European cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet in France and carved figurines that have been dated to over 30,000 years ago are seen, according to this perspective, as the first stirrings of symbolic and abstract thought and also of language.

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The problem with using art as prehistoric evidence for the first human that could speak is that, quite apart from its validity, the further back one looks the more chance the evidence for art itself would have perished.

An alternative to the Chomskian theory, is that language developed as a series of inventions. This was first suggested by the 18th-century philosopher Etienne Bonnot de Condillac. He argued that spoken language had developed out of gesture language (langage d'action) and that both were inventions arising initially from the simple association between action and object. The Condillac view, with some development, can be traced to the present day with the recent work of New Zealand psychologist Michael Corballis and others. The theory sees gesture language as arising originally among apes as sounds accompanying gestures, with these sounds gradually becoming coded into \"words\" as the new skill drove its own evolution. Subsequently, coded words developed into deliberate, complex communication. Evolutionary pressures promoted the development of an anatomy geared to speech - the larynx, vocal muscles and a specific part of the brain immediately next to that responsible for gestures.

This view, that spoken language was ultimately a cultural invention like tool-making, which then drove the biological evolution of the brain and vocal apparatus, seems obvious when you think of the development of different languages.

The unique features of a language such as French clearly do not result from any biological aspect of being French but are the cultural possessions of the French-speaking community. Each language evolves from one generation to the next, constantly adapting itself to cope with the learning biases of each new set of young, immature minds.

Several skull and spinal modifications relating to speech production (arched base of skull and enlargement of the channel for nerves to the tongue in early human fossils, a lopsided brain and changes in relative proportions of the brain) have all been used to shift speech way back to early humans 2.5m years ago or even earlier.

Anthropologists and fossil experts who accept that speech started early, still tend to think of language evolution as a gradual 2m year process with our own modern human species (Homo sapiens) way out at the top and our older human ancestors cast as mumbling, hooting parodies of ourselves. A major reason for this is the perception that brain growth among humans was gradual over the same 2.5m year period. Several recent changes in the fossil evidence bring this into doubt.

The first of these is a redating of soil layers from the famous Olduvai Gorge in east Africa where many key fossil remains have been found. A number of big-brained human species appear to be much older than previously thought, with several specimens dating over a million years old. When brain sizes for all available skulls are plotted against time, using the revised dates, the result is startling: the bulk of increase in brain size was over by around 1.2m years ago with some African human species having brain volumes easily

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within the modern human range by that time. Those in our own African ancestry stopped growing their brains perhaps 200,000 years ago and even started shrinking them over the past 150,000 years - the period of our own species' time on Earth.

So we have the paradox that over the period when our brain was growing most rapidly, our material cultural development, as measured by stone tools, advanced only marginally; then, over a million years later, when the culture of anatomically modern humans finally started to accelerate, artistically and technologically, our brains were actually getting smaller.

The additional piece of evidence that makes this paradox all the more significant is that brain size did not just leap between human species in a direct line of ascent towards ourselves. Over the period from 2.5 to 1.5m years ago, it turns out brains were growing more rapidly than at any time since, within all the different human species and also in Paranthropus species. The logical conclusion is that there must have been a unique new behaviour driving brain growth, shared between all species of humans and Paranthropus, with its origin, presumably, in their immediate shared walking ape ancestor.

So, what was driving rapid brain growth right at the beginning 2.5m years ago? The answer may have been staring us in the face. Namely, that not only were early humans and Paranthropus communicating but their ancestor, a walking ape, had started the trend in this very useful skill. Around 2.5m years ago the weather took a decided turn for the worse, becoming more variable and colder and dryer. The search for food became more taxing, and there would have been a real need to communicate more effectively and cope with the worsening environment in a cooperative way.

Speech, a complex system of oral communication, is the only inherited primate skill that would self-evidently benefit from a larger computer than that of a chimp. The near maximum in brain size achieved by 1.2m years ago indicates that those early ancestors could already have been talking perfectly well. It was all over bar the shouting. Our new Rolls Royce brain, developed to manipulate and organise complex symbolic aspects of speech internally, could now be turned to a variety of other tasks.

So what happened in the million gap years after that? Why did we take so long to get to the moon? Cultural evolution aided by communication and teaching is a cumulative interactive process. If each new generation invented just one new skill or idea and passed it on with the rest to their children and cousins, you could predict exactly the same curve of cultural advance as we see from the archaeological and historical record - first very slow, then faster and faster.

作文：

Task1：2 maps（描述某城市现在和将来的变化） Task2：

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The gap between the rich and the poor is becoming wider. The rich is growing richer and the poor is growing poorer. What problems would the situation cause and then give the solutions.

口语：

Introduction:

What is your name?

What is the meaning of your name? Are your working or studying? Who gave you your name?

Reading

Do children read more now than before? Do you like to read newspaper?

How much time do you spend in reading newspaper?

When you were young, what kind of book did you like to read? What kind of book do young people like to read? When did you begin to read newspapers?

How many kinds of newspapers are there in China? Do you prefer to read local news or international news? Do you think news is important in people’s life? Art

Tell me something about your favorite art. Tell me something about your favorite music.

What kind of art did you do when you were a child? What kind of art did you do when you were a child?

House

Do you live in a flat or in a house? Do you have garden in your house? What do you have in your house?

Do you have decorations in your house? ( Ex. Decorations in the walls ) What can you see outside your window?

Weather

What is your favorite weather?

School

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Tell me something about your school. What is your impression of your school? Do you like the teachers in your school? Do you want to be a teacher? Job

What is the hardest part of your job? What is good about being a student?

TV program

What kind of TV program do you like?

How can you get an access to English TV programs? Do you think English programs are helpful?

Holidays

How do people spend their holidays?

Do you think it’s important to have a vacation? Why?

Hometown

Where is your hometown?

Are there any changes in your hometown now? What is the best thing you have in your hometown? What is the biggest problem in your hometown?

School

Do you like your school?

Why did you choose this school? Where do you study?

Do you prefer to study or work? Do you like your course?

Event

Tell me something about a happy event.

Tell me something about a happy event in your family. Do you like your course?

Internet

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What do you think about the internet? What are the advantages of internet?

Birthday

How do Chinese people celebrate their birthdays? How did you celebrate your last birthday? Gift

What kind of gift do you want to give your friend?

Music

What kind of music do you like?

Sports

Do you have sports?

What is the importance of having a sport? What kind of physical exercise do you like?

Evening

What do you usually do in the evening?

Do you like to go out in the evening? What do you usually do? Do you think weekends are important?

Planting

Do Chinese people plant in their garden?

What kind of plants do you want to have in your garden?

Transportation

What kind of transportation do you usually take?

Communicating

Would you talk to people whom you met for the first time? Why do you want to chat with other people?

Clothes

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What kind of clothes do you like to wear? Do you like to wear formal clothes?

What is your opinion about wearing uniforms?

Can you judge a person by their clothes their wearing?

Household Chores

What do you dislike about household chores?

Do you think it is necessary for a child to help in household chores? Do you like to do housework?

What kind of housework do you usually do?

Person

Describe a teenager

What are the differences between teenagers and children? How have their lives changed in the last decade?

Until what age do you think they can qualify for being adults? Until what age should they get married?

What role does the school play in the process of students turning from teenagers to adults? What kind of attitude is generally shared by teenagers towards adults?

Describe a person you admire

Describe a successful person

Why do you think he/she is successful?

How to succeed in your life? Please draw on your personal experience Do you send books to others as gifts?

What kind did you read when you were a child？

Is it possible to continue part-time study while working?

Describe a visitor to your family

Do Chinese people have the tradition of paying a visit to your relatives or friends on a regular basis?

What gifts do people send when visiting your friends? Do visitors stay in the hotel or at home? How to improve hotel service in general? Describe a friend you meet at school

Should government provide financial assistance to the elderly people?

Describe a person who is good at his or her job

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Is it the responsibility of universities to help students to find their ideal jobs? What sort of jobs suit young adults and what sort of jobs suit elderly people? Should an age limit be imposed on certain jobs?

Should companies have the responsibility of providing training to young people? How is company training carried out?

Event

Describe a family event

How do you define happiness?

Describe a recent event that has made you happy Do you think money is important?

Do you think money can give you happiness? Can old people get happiness？

Describe a physical activity

What are your favorite physical activities? Why do you like them?

What kind of sports do you usually engage yourself in? Why do you prefer to go to the gym? Describe a recent change in your life Do old people like to change their lives? Do young people like changes?

What’s your opinion towards switching jobs on a regular basis?

Object

Describe a magazine

What are the differences between magazine and newspaper and other forms of mass media such as the Internet?

Describe an interesting news you read on newspaper or TV How often do people in your country read newspaper?

Which one is a popular medium for obtaining information, radio or TV? Do you think we should have more entertainment news in the future? Which one is more important, local news or international news?

Describe a photograph

Do you like painting or taking photographs?

Why do some people not like taking photographs?

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What sort of pictures are considered most appealing to people?

Describe a film

Describe a good law

Do you think the “one-child” policy in China is considered a good law?

Should we tell our children stories concerning robbing the rich so as to help the poor people？ Should we comply with laws?

Describe a website you have visited that is useful to you

How did you manage to find this website? Why do you choose to talk about this website?

What’s the range of people using Internet in your country? What do you think about online shopping?

How would you convince an elderly person to learn to use the Internet if he had never used it before and was resistant to modern technology?

Describe a picture

Describe a skill you want to learn

Describe a letter you have received

Describe a book you have recently read

Describe one particular regulation employed during Olympic Games

What performances have you watched and with whom? What game have you played in your childhood?

Describe a program

Describe a useful tool

Describe the help you have received before

Why do modern people not like to help others? How should help others?

How to cultivate our children to develop the habit of helping others?

Place

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Describe a place you have studied or worked

When and where did you work?

How do you think about the workplace? How do you plan your work?

What do you want to do in the future?

Do you think women should stay at home as a full-time housewife or go out to look for jobs? Why do you like the university you have studied in? What’s your plan after graduation?

Are there any beautiful views in your university?

Is it necessary for university to purchase teaching equipment?

Describe a place you can listen to music

Describe a shop that you like to visit

Why do some people not like to go shopping?

What are the differences between big shops and small shops?

Apart from shops, is there any other ways that people can buy things? What are some of the problems in cities?

What are some of the environmental problems caused in cities?

Describe a place you would like to introduce to your friends

Describe a city you like

Describe a polluted city

Describe a garden you like

Do you think garden is important?

Should people in the city know much about the country life?

Animal

Describe an interesting animal

Are you a vegetarian?

Should animals be kept in cities or countryside?

What are some of the problems related to raising pets?

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