Figures of speech (修辞)are wssssssssssays of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lendergherh force tsageqrgerrrrrrrrrrrrrrrro an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Nosgdeqrgsgrerqqw we are going to talk abssssssssssout some common forms of figures of speech.
ssssssssssssssssssssssFigures of Resemblance and Relationship
Simile(明喻)
Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻)
Metonymy(转rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr喻) (借代)
Synecdochsssssssssssrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrre（提喻） Personification（拟人） Antonomasia （换称）
一 Simile(明喻)
Simile：(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrmdfhdshake thssssssssssssssssssse comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader. For example,
As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. 1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrror subfffffffffffffffffffffffject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。 eg: My love is like a red rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrd rose. tenor comparative word vehicle 2.句型
（1）.like型
★A联系动词（以to be 居多）+like
Eg: Living without an aim is like sailing fffffffffffffffffffffffffwithout a compass. 生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南dhshfdsh针
★实意动词+like。
They will never be able to save money to buy a new house——they both spend money like water. ★ as 型
as在明喻句中用作介词，后跟名词。也可用作连词，后跟状语从句，表示动作或行为的方式。此外，还有两个常用句型，即as…as…和as…so…。ffffffffffffffffffffff
英语里有不少含有明喻的成语，其结构为as+形容词+as+名词（第一个as可省略）。例如： (as) firm as a rock dhfdshsdf 坚如磐石
(as) light as a feather 轻如ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff鸿毛 (as) close as an oyster 守口如瓶 (as) mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉 (as) strong as a horse 强壮如牛 (as) cool as a cucumber 泰然自若
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(as) sober as a judge 十分清醒 (as) sure as a gun 千真万确 ★虚拟句型
最常见的是as if/though，另外还有其他一些形式。
Eg: He was a beautiful horse that looked as thoughfffffffffffffffffffffffff he had come out of a painting by Vealsquez. 这匹马真雄俊，看起来仿佛是从一副维拉斯奎兹的油画里跑出来的一样。
The dogs were in full cry, their noses down, fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffftheir tails up, so close together that might have been one great yellow and white moving carpet.
那群狗吠叫着追猎，低着头，翘着rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr尾巴，一条挨一条，看上去就像一块行进的黄白交织的大地毯。 He woke them both up getting to bed, but wrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrhen they tried to wake him up afterwards they might as well have tried to wake the dead.
他去睡觉的时候把他们两个都弄醒fffffffffffffffffffff了，但是后来他们想唤醒他时，简直就像唤死人一样。 ★ what型dhfdshv
A. A is to B what X is to Y
Eg: Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.
阅读之于思想，如同锻炼rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrhat the sun is to flowers.
明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff花朵的作用。 B What X is to Y, A is to B.
Eg: What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature.
妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。
What blood vessel is to a man’s body, that railway is to transportation. 铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。 ★than型
A home without love is no more than afffffffffffffffffffffffffff body without a soul.
没有爱的家无异于一具没有灵魂的躯体。
Man can not help craving for expressivvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvon any more fffffffffffffffffthan birds can help singing.
人之不能舒其襟怀，亦犹鸟之不能啭其歌喉。
★and型
这是一种特殊的明喻句，常见于英语谚语ffffffffffffffffff。其中and的作用相当于like. Eg: A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled. 说出的话犹如抛出的石，是收不回的。 Love and cough can not be hid. 恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。
Words and feathers are tossed by the wind.
言语如羽毛，风刮到处飘vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv。 Truth and roses have thorns about theffffffffffffffffffffffm.
真理如玫瑰，全
King and bears often worry their keepers. 国王跟熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。
二、Metaphor(隐喻)(暗喻)
Metaphor：(暗喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.
Metaphor compares two different things身都带刺。by speaking offffffffffffffffffffffffffff one in terms of the other.
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Unlike a simile or analogy, metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing, not just that one is like another. Very frequently a metaphor is inv
英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可以体ffffffffffffffffff现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、定语、宾语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单词、一个词组或一个句子，甚至是一个段落。以下为英语Metaphor的常见运用格式：vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv ★名词型
最常见的句式是“甲是乙”，喻体一般体现rrrrrrrrrr在句子的表语部分。
All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women oked by the to be verb: Metaphor is compressed simile(简缩了的明喻)。
在实际运用中Metaphor有时仅出现喻体，本体需要从上下文中分析推敲出来。merely players.
整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。
Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned.
金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。 ★动词型
The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grffffffffffffffffff食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。 Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested 。 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。 ★形容词型
She has a photographic memory for detail. 她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。
The mountainous waves swallowed ffffffffffffffffffffffup the ship. 山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘航船。 ★-of短语型
-of-短语构成的英语隐语很ffffffabbed it.
那男孩儿一抓到普遍，根据其结构及用法特征又可细分为两类： A. a/the+N1+of+N2
Eg: the bridge of friendship, the valley of despair.
B a+N1+of+a+N2 (N1和N2前除a外，还可用the或人称代词的所有格形式) Eg: a flower of a girl, a fox of a man
The tree of liberty must be refreshed from timeffffffffffffffffffffffff to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure.
自由之树需要爱国者和暴君的鲜血来浇灌。鲜血是养育自由之树的天然基肥。 A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop. 一位警察招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来，并招呼我停下。
三、Metonymy(转喻) (借代)
Metonymy (转喻) It is a
该修辞故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物名称来代替，即借乙名代甲称。Metonymy的运用基础是联想，两个相互借代的事物必然rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr紧密相关，存在某种现实的联系。 如：What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave(幼小所学，终生不忘)，句中的the cradle与the grave是跟birth与death密切相关的事物，因此两者之间形成了借代关系。 ：
★以事物的特征代替事物本身
A thousand mustaches can live together, bffffffffffffffffffffffut not figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance,. Beneath the rule of men entirely great The pen is mightier than
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the sword.four breast.
千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。 ★以工具代替动作或行为者
A hundred bayonets were marchirrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrng down thfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe street. 100把刺刀正沿街前进。 ★以容器代替其中内容。
Whenever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle. 每当我丈夫在办公室不顺心，他就会喝得酩酊大醉。 ★以人体器官代替其功能
The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour. 有音乐修养的人能够听出古典音乐的韵味。 She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful. 她有审美眼光。
I have an opinion of you, sir, to whvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvich it is not easy to give the mouth. 我对你有一个意见，先生，不过很难用话语表达fffffffffffffffffffffffffff出来。 ★以人或动物代替其特性
There is still much of the schoolboy in him. 他身上还有许多小学生的气质。
The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face. 凶残与贪婪交织在一起，浮现在他的脸上。 ★以原材料代替制成品
The 25th Games in Barcelona saw 4golds and 5 silvers in swimming fall into China’s pockets. 在巴塞罗那举行的第25届奥运会上，游泳项目有4枚金牌、5枚银牌落入了中国队的囊中。 And as he pluck’d the cursed steel away, 当他拔出ffffffffffffffffffffffffffff那可恶的凶器的时候 Mark how the blood of Caesar followed…瞧，恺撒的血是怎样跟着它流出来 ★以作者或生产者代替作品或产品vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
The captain…had fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare. 船长…得到了一整套的莎士比亚作品。 We drove a Ford to Hyde Park.
我们驾驶一★地名或建筑物名可借以代称设于那里的机构。如：
Kremlin(克林姆林宫，俄罗斯政府) The Pentagon(五角大楼，美国国防部) Hollywood(好莱坞，美国电影业) Downing Street(唐宁街，英国政府) Foggy Bottom(雾谷辆福特到海得公园去。 ★以具体事物代替抽象事物
Although his plan had not completely succeeded, she gave him a pat on the back for having tried so hard. 尽管他的计划未获完全成功，但她对他作出的努力表示赞许。 ★以抽象事物代替具体事物
In the present instance, it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.
在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr人以事物活动的处所代替事物或活动者 She is an ageing opera singer who has retired from the stage to teach. 她是一位年迈的歌剧演员，现已退出舞台从事教学。
，美国国务院) Buckingham Palace(白金汗宫，英国皇室) 等等。
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四、Synecdoche（提喻）
Note: Synecdoche can easily be mistaken for metonymy
█Synecdoche (提喻) It is involves the substitutionfffffffffffffffffffffffffff of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. In another word , a part is made to represent the whole, or vise versa. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.
★3. Synecdoche is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion, section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).
A major lesson Americans need to learn is that life consists of more than cars and television sets. [Two specific items substituted for the concept of material wealth] Give us this day our daily bread. --Matt. 6:11 If you still do not feel wr
This program is for the little old lady in Clrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrreveland who cannot afford to pay her heating There sits my animal [instead of \"dog\"] guavvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvrding the door to the henhouse.
He hurled the barbed weapon [instead of \"harpoon\"] at the whale
五、Personification（拟人）
Personification: (拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
★.Laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him. 懒惰缓慢而行，贫穷迎头赶上。。
★.Liquor talks mighty loud when it gets loose from the jug. 酒一从酒壶里溜出来就会大言不惭。
★.It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion. 当狼依然持有不同意见之时，群羊要通过赞成素食主ffffffffffffffffffffffff义的决议案也是无济于事的。 ★.Mosquitoes were using my ankles for filling stations. 蚊子把我的脚脖子当作了加油站。
★.Time is like a fashionrghing. （William Shakespeare）
时间正像一个趋炎附势的主人，对于一个临去的客人不过和他略微握一握手，对于一个新来的客人，却伸开了双臂，飞也似地过去抱住他。欢迎是永远含笑的，告别总是带着叹息。
★.A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. ( Mark Twain)
当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就可能已经走了半个世界。
★.How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!
(John Milton)
时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了。
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv六．Antonomasia(换称)
Antonomasia (换称) It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still infrequent use.
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1． The use of an epithet or title in place of a name
2．The use of a proper name instead of a rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrcommon noun Note: there is a certain degree of overlapping with synecdoche. He is our Gorky. (famous Russian writer for a famous writer.)
For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv七．Analogy (类比)
Analogy: (类比)It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
Analogy compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. While simile and analogy often overlap, the simile is generally a more artistic likening, done briefly for effect and emphasis, while analogy serves the more practical end of explaining a thought process or a line of reasoning or the abstract in terms of the concrete, and may therefore be more extended.
You may abuse a tragedy, though you cannot write one. You may scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table, though you cannot make a table. It is not your trade to make tables. --Samuel Johnson He that voluntarilyd, and one cannot untie a knot if he is ignorant of it. --Aristotle
Notice in these examples that the analogy is used to establish the pattern of reasoning by using a familiar or less abstract argument which the reader can understand easily and probably agree with.
Some analogies simply offer an explanation for c continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrro him that should extinguish the tapers of a lighthouse fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffmight justly be imputed the calamities of shipwrecks. --Samuel Johnson
.For answers successfully arrived at are solutions to difficulties previously discusse
larification rather than a substitute argument:
Knowledge always desires increase: it is like fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself. --Samuel Johnson
The beginning of all evil temptations is inconstancy of mind, and too little trust in God. For as a ship without a guide is driven hither and thither with every storm, so an unstable man, that anon leaveth his good purpose in God, is diversely tempted. The fire proveth gold, and temptation proveth the righteous man. --Thomas a Kempis
When the matter is complex and the analogy particularly useful for explaining it, the analogy can be extended into a rather long, multiple-point comparison:
The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with Christ. (And so forth, to the end of the chapter.] --l Cor. 12:12 (NIV)
The importance of simile and analogy for teaching and writing cannot be overemphasized. To impress this upon you better, I would like to step aside a moment and offer two persuasive quotations:
The country parson is full of all knowledge. They say, it is an ill mason that refuseth any stone: and there is no
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knowledge, but, in a skilful hand, serves either positively as it is, or else to illustrate some other knowledge. He condescends even to the knowledge of tillage, and pastorage, and makes great use of them in teaching, because people by what they understand arevvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv best led to what they understand not. --George Herbert
To illustrate one thing by its resemblance to another has been always the most popular and efficacious art of instruction. There is indeed no othrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrer method of teaching that of which anyone is ignorant but by means of something already known; and a mind so enlarged by contemplation and enquiry that it has always many objects within its view will seldom be long without some near and familiar image through which an easy transition may be made to truths more distant and obscure. --Samuel Johnson
Figures of Emphasis and Understatement
Euphemism（委婉） Hyperbole（夸张）
Understatement（低调陈述）
Contrast（对照）ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff Antithesis（平行对照） Parallelism（平行） Repetition（反复）
Oxymoron（矛盾修饰） Parody(仿拟)
Zeugma(轭式搭配) Allusion（引喻） Irony（反语） Climax（层递） Anticlimax（突降）
一．Euphemism（委婉）
Euphemism: (委婉) It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to \"die\" as \" pass away\".
★Euphemism（委婉）， 以文雅、悦耳或温婉来代替粗野、刺耳或直露。借助语音、语法、词汇，表达生活中使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或令人恐vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv惧的事物。 Euphemism又叫sweet talk（甜言蜜语），gilded words（镀金的字眼）或cosmetic words（化装词） 有关疾病、残疾、衰老、死亡 ★疾病
Look off colour（气色不好，指身体有病）
under the weather（在恶劣天气条件下，指健康欠佳）
not all there（神志不清，rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr实指患精神病） long illness（久病，实指癌症） social disease（实指艾滋病）。
替代illness或disease婉称疾病的词有condition, disorder, problem, trouble等。 ★残疾
Disabled（丧失能力的） handicapped（受到障碍的）， ,inconvenienced（行动不便的）, hard of hearing（听觉困难的），
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auditory-impaired（听觉损伤的）表示“耳聋的“； sight-deprived（被剥夺视力的）
visually retarded（视力上有障碍的）指“失明”。 ★衰老
“衰老”的委婉说法
Advanced in age（年岁上先行的） past one’s prime（已过壮年）
feel one’ age（感觉上了年纪）vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv golden age（金色岁月） sunset years（日落之年） 表示“老人”
senior citizen（资深的公民），
the longer living（生活经历较长者）。 ★.死亡
多达上百条。如，go west（西去），be at rest（安息），be asleep in the Arms of God（安睡在上帝的怀抱中），go the way of all flesh（走众生rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr之路），join one’s ancestors（加入祖先的行列），return to dust（归之尘土），breathe one’s last（作最后一次呼吸），pass away（离去），run one’s race（跑完自己的赛程），be no longer with us（与我们永别了）。 ★有关人体、排泄、性爱、生育 A.人体 “赤身露体”
In the altogether（全体），
in a state of nature（处于天然状态）， in one’s birthday suit(身着生日服装) “女性乳房”
globes（球体）ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff apples（苹果） curves（曲线）
charms（迷人之处） 表示“阴部”、“生殖器” private parts（私处）外， affair（事情）， it（它）， thing（东西）， place（地方），
what-do-you-call-it（那玩意儿）. B.排泄
Pass air（排气），
let a breezer（刮一阵微风）， make a noise“放屁”； “大小便
wash one’s hands（洗洗手）
relieve oneself（让自己rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr轻松一下）， get some fresh air（去呼吸点新鲜空气），
answer the call of nature（应付自然本能之需）
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C.性爱 “性交
Go all the way（走完全程）， have relations with（与人有关系）， go to bed with（与之共寝）， make love（做爱），
do it（干那种事）等用于指”； “同居”
live together（住在一起）
married but not churched（结婚了但未去教堂举行仪式）， “谈恋爱”
walk out（出去溜达）； “乱搞男女关系”
sleep around（到处睡觉） D．生育 “怀孕”
in the family way（家居打扮的）， eating for two（吃双份饭），
swallow a watermellon（吞了vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv颗西瓜籽）， in trouble（惹上麻烦，指未婚先孕）， learn all about diaper folding（学叠尿布）， rehearsing lullabies（练唱催眠曲），
wear the apron high（围rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr裙高系）。 “分娩”
be confined（行动受限制）， in travail（处于痛苦之中）。
★有关社会职业、社会问题的委婉语 A.职业
从事卑微职业者拨高、美化职业: 名称 本义 委婉义 Shoetrician 鞋靴专家 补鞋匠 garbologist 垃圾学专家 垃圾清运工 Domestic engineer 家庭工程师 家庭妇女 Aisle manager 通道经理 商场巡视员 Chimney consultant 烟囱顾问 烟囱工 State electrician 州级电气师 电椅操纵手 Land architect 风景建筑师 园丁、花匠 B.犯罪 偷窃：
to hook（钩、钓）， to palm（藏于掌中），
to work the hole （在洞里干，指“在地铁里行窃”）， to walk away with（带走某物，指“顺手牵羊”）。 ★抢劫：
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to clip（夹住），
to put the arm on（架臂于某人），
to break a jug（打破罐子，指“抢劫银行”）。 ★吸毒：rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
to blow snow（吹雪，指“嗅闻可vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv卡因”）， to lie down（躺下，指“抽大烟”）
to trip out（旅行，指“吸毒后产生迷幻”）， Lady snow（白雪夫人，即“可卡因”）， joy powder（快活粉，指“毒品”）。 ★贿赂：
to fix（安排，即“买通”）， to oil（加油润滑，即“行贿”）， kickback（回扣），
protection money（保护费）。 ★谋杀：ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff to X out（打叉划掉，即“谋杀”），
to disappear（消失，即“被利索地除掉”），
to die in a necktie（颈系领带而亡，指“被绞死”）， to go cool（变凉了，指“被同伙杀掉灭口”）。 ★惩罚：
to throw the book at sb（将书向某人掷去，实指“对其判重刑”，the book表示“法律条文”等）to drop into the bucket（扔进水桶，指“投入监狱”）， do time（度过时光，指“服刑”），
to walk the last mile（走最后的里程，即“上刑场”）。 ★有关政治、经济、军事、外交的委婉语 A.政治
DP(=displaced person离乡者，指“难民”),
energy release（能量释放，指“核辐射泄露”）， eyes only（只准用眼，指“绝密文件”），
to misspeak（口误，表示：“出言不慎”或“撒谎”）， ongoing situation（持续态势，指“老大难问题）， to knock doors（到处敲门，指“游说议员”）。 B.经济
A revenue gap（岁入差，即“赤字”）， slowdown（减速，指“经济衰退”）,
cash flow problem（现金流动问题，即“可用现金不足”）， adjustment downward（下向调整，指“效益不佳”），
income maintenance（维持vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv性收入，即“救济金”），
technical adjustment（rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr技术性调整，指“股票市场价格的波动”）。 C.军事
Air support（空中支持，即“轰炸”），
all out strategic exchange（全面战略交火，实际指“世界核大战”）， to pacify（绥靖，指“毁掉敌方城市乡村”） to escalate（升级，指“扩大战争范围及烈度”） adjustment of the front（战线调整，即“撤退”）
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Department of Defense（美国国防部，原名为即“作战部”，因有好战之嫌，1947年起换用现名） D.外交
destabilization（动摇，指“推翻”或“颠覆”）fffffffffffffffffffffffffff to share ideas（分享观点，指“具有一致看法”）
a serious and candid discussion（认真而坦率的讨论，实际指“双方观点严重对立的会谈”） an underdeveloped nation（低度发达国家，实际指“贫穷落后之国”） person non grata（不受欢迎之人，实际指“要驱逐的外国间谍”）
★以下为一些实际用例，部分出自名家笔下，堪称巧用英语委婉的典范。 ▲And, it being low water, he went out with the side.
正是退潮的时候，他跟潮水一道去了。*作者用“驾潮而去”表示“溺水而死”，话说得哀婉动人。 ▲If you will allow me , I will call your carriage for you .
如果你愿意的话，我去给你叫辆车。*以“去给你叫辆车”委婉地下达了逐客令，却礼貌、得体。
▲The boy used to take things withovvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvut permission and has just been out of the rehabilitation home in the country. 那男孩以往常不经允许拿走东西，他刚从乡间的康复中心出来。 *“不经允许拿走东西”实际指“偷窃”，“康复中心”实际是“劳教所”的婉称。
▲He pardoned us off-handrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr, and allowed us something to live on till he went the way of all flesh.
他轻易地就原谅了我们，并且直到他逝世为止还一直供给我们生活费。 ▲I’m afraid she can’t act that part ——she is a little on the plump side. 恐怕她扮演不了那个角色——她有些发福。
▲The reactor began to run out of control “above critical” in the parlance of the nuclear engineer.反应堆开始失控——或者用核工程师的话来说：处于临界点之上。
*above critical实际为“核反应堆泄露”。政府在处理核事故时用词尤慎，惟恐引起民众恐慌或愤怒。
▲He was both out of pocket and out of spirits by that catastrophe, failed in his health and prophesied the speedy ruin of the empire.
经过这次灾难，他手头拮据，总是无精打采，身体也不好，时常预言大英帝国不久便会垮台。
*作者用委婉语out of pocket 代替poor或bankrupt这类羞于启齿之词，而且与out of spirits 同一结构，相映成趣。
二、Hyperbole（夸张）
Hyperbole: (夸张) It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. a conscious exaggeration fot the sake of emphasis. Not intended to be understood literally For example:a) The wave ran mountain high.
b)America larrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrughed with Mark twain. c)His speech brought the house doen.
d)All the perfunmes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.
For instance, he almost died laughing.
★特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以此来取得强烈的修辞效果。比较： (1) He ran down the avenue, making a loud noise.
(2) He ran down the avenue, making a noise like tefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffn horses at a gallop. 例句（1）为一般性描写，
而（2）则属夸张性描写，有如临其境、如闻其声
Hyperbole多见于文学作品中，但日vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv常口语里也常有运用。如： Haven’t seen you for ages. I could sleep for a year.
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We’re all tired to death.
★英语夸张可分为两类，即扩大夸张( Extended Hyperbole)和缩小夸张(Reduced Hyperbole)。前者将描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征的东西说得特别高、特别大；后者正相反，即把描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征性的东西说得特别低、特别小。比较下列例句可看出两者的特点： ▲His eloquence would split rocks! (Extended Hyperbole) 他的雄辩之威之利，能劈磐石。rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
▲It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back. (Reduced Hyperbole) 骆驼能负载过重，加根草就能压死。
★Hyperbole按构成方式分为五类，举例如下： ★用数词表示
This made him roar like a thousand bulls. 这使他像千牛怒吼一般咆哮起来。
One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters. 一个父亲的作用大于100个教师。
I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love make up my sum. 我爱奥菲利娅：40000个兄弟的爱合起来，还抵不过我对她的爱。 ★用其他词汇表示
除数词外，英语夸张也常借助其他各类词来表ffffffffffffffffffffffffffff示，或用动词，或用名词，或用形容词，灵活多样，并无定式，但不少词汇都有极限意义。 A.动词
▲In its wake, budget cuts and food shortages have hit the new nation of Russia——and prices have shot out of this world.
随其（指前苏联）解体后，预算缩减和rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr食品短缺已经沉重地打击了俄罗斯这个新生国家——而且物价高涨，直冲九霄。vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
▲We not only saw but heard it: the report positively reverberated down the Rhine.我们不仅看见了，而且听见了。这个报告简直响遍了整个莱茵河。 B.名词
▲It’s a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day. 今天阳光明媚，躲在家中实在太遗憾了。 ▲*a crime=a great pity，表示“遗憾之极”。
Falstaff: I asw beaten mysely into all the colours of rainbow… 福斯塔夫：我自己也给他打得五颜六色，浑身挂彩呢… C.形容词
▲Everyone bowed, including the Westerners. Affffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffter three days in Japan, the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.
每个人都鞠躬，连在场的西方人也不例外。在日本只需要呆3天，脊椎就变得异常灵活。
★在英语里，用词汇手段夸张往往不限于vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv一类词，而是数类并用进行渲染，造成极度夸张的意境。例如：
▲And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till’ a the seas gang dry,
O I will luve thee still, my dear,
While the sands o’ life shall run. (Rebert Burns) 亲爱的，我将永远爱你， 直到海水全枯竭，
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太阳熔化了岩石；
亲爱的，我将永远把你爱，只要我还有一息。
▲She has that everlasting rotationrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr of tongue, that an echo must wait till she dies before it can catch her last words.
由于她的话真是说个不停，连回声也得等到她死才可以抓到她的最后的话。 ★用虚拟语气表示
虚拟句式可提出主观假想或非真实条件，所以常用于夸张。
▲A knife could have cut the tension during the seemingly endless trip back to the plantation.
在返回种植园的似乎无穷无尽的征途上，空气紧ffffffffffffffffffffffffff张得仿佛可以用刀子切割。
▲Some movie stars wear their sunglasses even in churches; they’re afraid God might recognize them and ask for autograph. 有些电影明星连在教堂里也戴上太阳镜，惟恐上帝可能认出来而请他们签名。 ▲Noise proves nothing: often a hen who has merely laid an egg cracles as if she had laid an asteroid.
嗓子大证明不了什么事情：只生下一vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv只蛋的母鸡也常会咯咯叫，像是生下了小行星似的。
*这句也可视为Simile(明喻).
▲He knew how to work and citadels would go down before him. 他懂得怎样干活，就是城堡也会在他面前倒塌下去。 ★用形容词比较级和最高级表示
▲The most effective water power in the world——women’s tears. 世界上最有效的水力是——女人的眼泪。 ▲My Faith is larger than the Hills—— So when the Hills decay——
My Faith must take the Purple wheel To show the Sun the way—— 我的信念大于山—— 所以，山崩了—— 定会接过紫红轮盘 为太阳，引道——
▲He is so mean, he won’t let his little baby have more than one measle at a time. 他吝啬极了，竟然不肯让他的小婴孩一次出一粒以上的麻疹。 *measle一般呈复数，此处为夸张故意用单数。 ★用其他辞格表示
英语夸张还可以通过其他辞格来表示，在此类句子中，夸张与别的某些辞格交织运用，相辅相成，兼具两者的修辞效果（有时数格并用）。
★Miss Bolo went straight home in a flood of tears and sedan chair. ( Charles Dickens ) 波洛小姐泪如涌泉，坐了轿子径rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr直回家去了。
▲*a flood of tears既是夸张，又是隐喻，还与其后的and sedan chair构成一笔双述，相映成趣。 ▲and the wind from the east go tearing round the mountains like forty thousand devils.
*这是一个夸张与明喻两格兼用的句子。……从东西吹来的风如同40000个魔鬼在山周围狂奔猛闯。
▲“ Poly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellation of outer space. “波莉，我爱你。对我来说，你就是整个世界，是月亮，是星星，是整个宇宙的星宿。”
*夸张与层递在句中融为一体，相辅vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv相成，语意不断强化，直至达到高潮。 ▲A drop of ink may make a million think. ( George G Byron ) 一滴墨水写成的文字可让千万人思索。
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▲*该句含有缩小夸张，而且与借代和对照三格并用，妙不可言。
▲A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. 当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就可能已经走了半个世界。 *该句为夸张与拟人两辞格并用。 ffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
三．Understatement（低调陈述）
Understatement: (含蓄陈述) It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
or litotes( 曲意:， 间接表达) a form of understatement which gains its particular effect by phrasing in the negative what it wishes to say positively
★Understatement(低调陈述)是恰与Hyperbole（夸张）相对的一种修辞格。其基本用法是，在陈述事物时有意采取低调，抑制措辞，轻描淡写，借含蓄与弱化的语言形式表示强调。试比较以下例句： A. We can solve this problem.
我们能解决这个问题。rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr B. This problem is not above us. 这个问题难不住我们。
★从表面上看，B为否定形式，语气似乎弱于vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvA的肯定形式，但实际上B的修辞效果更强，给人的印象更深。这便是低调陈述的特点：欲扬故抑，含蓄内敛。恰当运用低调陈述，能起到极佳的强调作用，取得戏剧性的或嘲讽幽默的修辞效果。
一般来说，英语Understatement并无固定格式，它可通过多种词汇或语法手段来体现。 ★（1）词汇手段 A.动词
The palace has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. 这幢房子是1915年造的，至今飓风还未找过它的麻烦。 B.名词
For large numbers of people the absence of work is harmful to their health. 对于许多人来说，没有工作就会损害他们的健康。
* the absence of work=unemployment.ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff C.形容词
This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity. 我再也无法忍受了。我当时很年轻：在一个女人手下工作的前景构成了最大的侮辱。 D.副词
He was, he said, rather a precocious little boy——that he was permitted an amount of initiative that most children scarcely attain by seven or eight.
他说，他是个相当早熟的男孩子——他富有首创精神，那是大多数七、八岁的孩子几乎不可能具有的。 E.数词
We do not tell each other what is disturbing us. The result is emotional difficulty of one kind or another. 我们相互之间并不将自己的烦恼告诉对方，结果便产生了这样或那样的感情障碍。 * one kind or another含蓄地表达了的涵义。 ★（2）语法手段 A.比较结构
No one was more willing to do a favor for friend or neighbour than he. 他最愿意帮朋友或邻居的忙。 B.虚拟语气
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Some of the items are good, others might be better. 有些节目好，有些不那么精彩。
C.双重否定vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv He is a man not without ambition. 他不是一个没有抱负的人。
★根据其运用方式及特点，英语Understatement可归为两大类： <1>以反说代替正说
这类低调陈述在英语修辞学中称为（反叙），其特点是采用否定结构，以间接肯定法表示强调。常见的否定式有no small, no little, no lack of, no common, no joke, no laughing matter, not half bad, cannot…too等等。此外，还常用not without等双重否定结构，因为双重否定等于加强了语气的肯定。如： The face wasn’t a bad one; it had what they called charm.
面孔不算难看；有一般人所谓的妩媚。rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr If this regime is out of power, no tear is to be shed. 如果这个政权垮台，不会有人为之掉泪。
It was no small feat to harness the energies of an entire nation for a united show of hospitality and goodwill for visitors from around the world.ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
把整个国家的能量调动起来，对来自世界各地的访问者表现出一致的好客和友善，这是了不起的事。 * no small=(a)great.
In India , not a year passes without a number of people falling victims to the ferocity of the tiger. 印度每年必有人死于虎患。
Bassanio, in his grief, replied that there was nothing he could not sacrifice. (Charles Lamb) 巴萨尼奥非常悲伤地答应说，他没有什么不可以牺牲的。 ★<2>以弱说代替强说
这是另一类型的低调陈述，在英语中称为Meiosis（弱陈）。其特点是常常使用rather, hardly, scarcely, kind of, something of等程度副词，有时也借助比较句式或虚拟句式来表达。此外，还可以通过增词手段，以含蓄、曲折的说法来传递弦外之音、言外之意。如：
There is also poverty, convincingly etched in the statistics, and etched too, in the lives of people like Hortensea Cabrera, mother of 14, widow.
“Money,” she says with quiet understatement, “is kind of tight. But I managee.” 贫困，不容置疑地，深深印在统计数字之中，也印在像卡布雷拉那样的人们的生活之中。她是14个孩子的母亲，一个寡妇。vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv “钱，”她安详而含蓄地说，“有些紧，不过我能对付。”
★*一个拉扯14个孩子的寡妇，在谈到钱时只是轻描淡写地说了句“有些紧。”低调陈述反衬出她自尊、自立的骨气。
I know he is honest, and I wish I could add he were capable. 我知道他是诚实的，令人遗憾的是他不够能干。
Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story. 围拢来听妈妈或爸爸读好故事是最能使孩子聚集在一起的娱乐。
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff四、Contrast
英语Contrast（对照）是一种表现力颇强的常用修辞手法。它将两个相反的事物或同一事物的正反两面并列在一起，使之相互衬托，形成鲜明对照，更加突出地表现事物的本质。
Contrast与Antithesis有相似之处，即都把意义相反的语言单位并列在一起加以对照、比较； 但也有相异之处，主要在于Contrast不像Antithesis那样要求结构相同或相似。试比较以下例句：
(1) United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do… (John F. Kennedy)
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若能团结，许多合作的冒险计划没有不能成功的。倘使分裂，则无所作为。
(2) Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of laboring those problems which divide us.
让双方一起探讨什么问题rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr能使我们团结，而不要在使双方分裂的问题上耗费心力。 不难看出，（1）不仅语义相反而且结构相似，比较工整、对称，应算做Antithesis；而（2）尽管语义相反，但结构不同，并不对称，应视为Contrast。
运用Contrast可使对立事物的矛盾鲜明突出，揭示其本质，或使正反互衬，相映成趣，加深读者印象。
Caesar. Cowards die many times before their death; The valiant never taste of death but once… (William Shakespeare: Julius Caesar)
凯撒 懦夫在未死之前，就已经死过好多次；勇士一生只死一次……
Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. (John F. Kennedy) 让我们永不因畏惧而谈判，但让我们永不要畏惧谈判。
They are wonderful when they are good, he thought. There is no people like them when they are good and when they go bad there is no people that is worse.
他想，他们好的时候真了不起。他们好的时候，谁也比不上他们；他们坏的时候，可谁都不如他们恶毒。 To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.
(George Washington)
准备战争是维护和平的一种最有效的方法。
Men always want to be a woman’s first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a man’s last romance.fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
男人老想当上女人的第一个情人；女人则具有更微妙的本能，她们喜欢的是成为男人追求的最后一个对象。 To be , or not to be: that is the question: whether’ tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles by opposing end them… (William Shakespeare: Hamlet)
生存还是毁灭：这是一个值得考虑的问题：默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，还是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵……
Technological progress has merely provided us with more efficient means for going backwards. 科技上的进步，只不过为我们提供了向后倒退的更有效的手段而已。 *作者在这里指的是科技用于战争，引起灾祸，导致文明倒退的情况。
A mother takes 20 tears to make a man of her boy, and another woman makes a fool of him in 20 minutes.
做母亲的要费20年工夫把她的男孩子养大成为男子汉，到了别的女人手中，只要20分钟就会把他化为一条笨汉。 Are not there little chapters in everybody’s life, that seem to be nothing, and yet affect all the rest of the history? (William M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair)
人生一世，总有一些片段当时看着无关紧要，而事实上却牵动了全局。
A man will joyfully pay a lawyer 500 dollars for untying the knot that he begrudged a clergyman 50dollars for tying. 当牧师为他结合姻缘时舍不得付50块钱的人，却为了要律师解开这个而会高高兴兴地付上500元。
A bank is a place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back again when it begins to rain. 银行，是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv之时就催你还回去的地方。
五、Antithesis（对偶，对仗）
Antithesis: (对偶) It is the deliberate arrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.
The setting of contrasting phrases opposite each other for emphasis. In true antithesis the oppssitition between the elements is manifested through parallel grammatical strucrure For example:
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a)The quest for rightousness is oriental, the quest for knowledge, occidental.
b)Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves anf hoe little we think of the other person. c)A friend exaggerates a man’s virtues, an enemy his crimes
d)Its failure became a part of historybut its successes held the clue to a better international order.
a figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure. Parallelism of expression serves to emphasize opposition of ideas. The familiar phrase r;Man proposes, God disposes” is an example of antithesis, as is John Dryden's description ;Too black for heaven, and yet too white for hell.ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
Antithesis指把意义相反或相对的语言单位组织排列在平行、对称的结构里，以求取一种匀称的形式美和强烈的对照感。
Antithesis有两个特点，一是语义上的对照性，一是结构上的对称性。 该辞格可看作是parallelism（平行）和 contrast（对照）的结合。 Antithesis的运用可增强语势，突出事物的矛盾对比及本质特征。
其结构匀称，排列整齐，对照鲜明，寓意深刻，具有很强的修辞效果。 体现Antithesis的语言单位可分为四个层次，即单词、短语、从句和句子。 （1）单词
Knowledge make humble, ignorance make proud. （2）短语
One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. （3）从句
The world will little note, nor long remrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. （4）句子
A miser grows rich by seeming poor. An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich.
由于Antithesis能揭示事物的矛盾性，这类语句往往说得巧妙、机智、隽永，蕴涵着某种人生的哲理或真谛，加之结构整齐、匀称、音韵铿锵，故运用频繁，常见于英语谚语、演说、报刊文章及文学作品中。 Money is a good servant but a bad master. 金钱是个好仆人，但却是个坏主人。 Work has a bitter root but sweet fruit. 工作之根苦，工作之果甜。
The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb 让狼活着，羊就得死。
Short accounts make long friends. 勤算帐才能交情长。
They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. 流泪撒种的，必欢呼收割。
Life can only be understood backwards, but it vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvmust be lived forwards. 只有向后看才能理解生活，但要生活好必须向前看。
The young physician starts life with 20 drffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffugs for each disease, and the old physician ends life with one drug for 20diseases.
年轻的医生开始行医时以20种药治一种病，年老的医生结束医业时以一种药治20种病。
A pessimist is one who makes difficulties of his opportunities; an optimist is one who makes opportunities of his difficulties.
悲观的人把机会变成困难；乐观的人将困难化为机会。
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*这个例子体现了一种特殊的Antithesis，即在句中采用“交错配列法”(chiasmus)，倒装前一语言单位的某些词序，使句子前后对照，相映成屈，寓rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr意深刻，发人深思。下面三例属于同样用法。 Ask not what your country can do for you —
ask what you can do for your country. (John F. Kennedy)
不要问国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。 Where there’s marriage without love, there will be love without marriage 哪里有无爱情的婚姻，哪里便有无婚姻的爱情。
What between the poor men I won’t have and the rich men who won’t have me, I stand as a pelican in the wilderness. (Thomas Hardy)
一边是我不欲与之为伍的穷人，一边是不欲与我为伍的有钱人，我像一只伫立在荒野的塘鹅。 If the economy stays down, can conservatives stay up? 如果经济下降，保守党人还能呆在上面吗？ *此例摘自英国《泰晤士报》，stay down与stay up 巧妙并列一句，形成对照，说明执政的保守党人的地位取决于国家经济的兴衰，言语机智、犀利，一针见血。
It is customary fate of new truths to begin as heresies and end as superstitions. 开始被视为异端，最后被一味迷信，这正是许多新真理的共同命运。
We find ourselves rich in goods , but ragged in spirit, reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling raucous discord on earth.
我们物质丰富，却精神贫乏；我们以卓越的准确登上了月球，但地球却陷入一片混乱。
If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties. (Francis Bacon)vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv 治学之人，若一开始就确信既定的结论，他必将终止于怀疑；但如果他宁从怀疑开始，他终会止于确定的结论。 An estimated 500 million people around the world——watching a live television broadcast——saw Armstrong step onto the powdery lunar surface and say: “That’s one small step for man , one giant leap for mankind.”
据估计全世界有5亿人观看现场直播电视，他们目睹了阿姆斯特朗登上满是尘土的月球表面，并说道：“对于个人来说这是小小的一步，对于人类来说这是巨大的飞跃。”
*美国宇航员阿姆斯特朗是人类首位登上ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff月球者。在那个激动人心的历史时刻，他说的一句话巧用了Antithesis，以个体rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr与整体、微观与宏观的对比，反衬出人类登月的伟大意义。
Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to this vote. 沉或浮，生或死，存或亡，我都诚心诚意地投上这一票。
*该句再现了亚当斯为支持北美独立而大声疾呼的情景。句子连用三个Antithesis，说明北美人民面临的是决定民族前途、命运的关键时刻，同时也表明亚当斯置个人荣辱、得失和安危于度外的爱国赤诚和坚强决心。
I take thee to my wedded wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better or worse, for richer or poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and cherish, till death do we part, according to God’s holy ordiance, and thereto I plight thee my troth.
我愿意遵照上帝圣仪，娶汝为妻。从今起，无论境遇顺遂或乖逆，富贵或贫困，身体康泰或身罹疾病，愿长相厮守，相爱相惜，至死不渝，谨誓。
*这段话是英美等国传统婚礼仪式上新郎对新娘的承诺，可谓信誓旦旦、情真意切。连续运用Antithesis增强了语势，表明了夫妻同甘共苦、白头偕老的决心。
六、Parallelism（平行）
Parallelism（平行）广泛见于诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧、演讲中。其基本用法是将结构相同或类似、意义相关或并重、语气前后一致的语言成分平行并列在一起。Parallelism（平行）具有结构整齐、节奏鲜明、表达简练、语义突出的特点，能有效得增强语势，表达强烈的感情，说明深刻的道理。
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英语Parallelism（平行）的构成可体现于各个语言层次，如单词、短语、从句、句子等，其中以三项式平行结构最为普遍。如： （1）单词平行
Language occupies a central, pivotal, principal position among L.Bloomfield’s works. 在布龙菲尔德的著作里，语言占有一种中心的、关键的和主要的地位。
Civilized men arrived in the Pacific, armrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrred with alcohol, syphilis, trousers and the Bible. 文明人来到了太平洋，带着酒、梅毒、裤子、圣经等一身武器。
Europe after millennia of war, rapine, slavery, famine, intolerance, had sunk to the level of a sewer. 欧洲经历了1000年的战乱、掠夺、奴役、饥饿、偏执后沉到了最底层。
An Englishman thinks seated; a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward. 英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想。 （2）短语平行
包括各种短语，如介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等。
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies) 读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。
We can gain knowledge, by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice. 求知门径很多，或阅读，或回忆，或观察，或实践。
And raising good cotton, riding well, shootinvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvg straight, dancing lightly, squiring the ladies with elegance and carrying one’s liquor like a gentleman were the things that mattered.
他们所关心的，只是棉花要种得rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr旺，骑马要骑得好，开枪要开得准，跳舞要跳得轻松，追女人要追得得体，喝酒要喝得不至于坍台。
A money lender serves you in the present tense, lends you money in the conditional mood, keeps you in the subjunctive and ruins you in the future.
放债人用现在时态为你服务，借钱给你时用的是条件语气，使你老是处于虚拟的状态，并且会在将来毁掉你。 （3）从句平行
They vanish from a world where they were of no consequences, where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness; where thery left no sing that they had existed.
他们在这样一个世界消失了：在那里他们微不足道，他们一无所就；他们在那里是个过错、失败、犯傻，在那里他们没有留下存在过的痕迹。
似非而是的隽语)
It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. ffffffffffffffffffff
For example: more haste, less speed.
Epigram: (警句)
It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. fffffffffffffffffffffff
For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.
Apostrophe：
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(顿呼) In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.
For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
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