专题十动词的被动语态

专题十 动词的被动语态

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考点一：被动语态的构成及用法

词的被动语态

英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫做主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，叫做被动语态。

例如： We swept the floor. 我们打扫了地板。（主动语态）

The floor was swept. 地板被打扫过。（被动语态）

1.被动语态的构成

(1) 被动语态是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。

be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化规则与其作为连系动词的be的变化完全一样。 a被动语态的肯定句 Apple trees are planted in the south. 苹果树种在南方。 b被动语态的否定句 The building hasn't been completed. 这座建筑物没有竣工。 c被动语态的一般疑问句

被动语态的一般疑问句的结构是：Be+主语+过去分词（vt）+（by+宾语）

Are they made in China? Yes, they are.

Was the museum built in 1993? No, it was built in 1986. d 被动语态的特殊疑问句

被动语态的特殊疑问句的结构是：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（vt）。

What is the machine used for? It is used for making paper. Where were the car made? They were made in China. (2) 被动语态的几种时态形式： a．一般现在时

结构：主语 ＋ am / is / are + 过去分词 主动句：She cleans her room every day.

被动句：Her room is cleaned (by her) every day. (肯定句）

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否定句：Her room isn’t cleaned (by her) every day. 一般疑问句：Is her room cleaned (by her) every day?

注意：被动句的be助动词的变化应按被动句中新主语的人称和数而变化，其时态应与主动句的时态一致． b.一般过去时

结构：主语＋was / were +过去分词

主动句：The workers made the VCD last week.

被动句：The VCD was made by the workers last week.(肯定句) 否定句: The VCD wasn’t made by the workers last week. 一般疑问句：Was the VCD made by the workers last week? c. 一般将来时

结构：主语＋will be + 过去分词

主动句：My father will send me to America soon. 肯定句：I will be sent to America by my father soon. 否定句：I won’t be sent to America by my father soon. 一般疑问句：Will you be sent to America by your father soon? d. 过去将来时

结构：主语＋would be + 过去分词

主动句：He said he would punish the naughty boy tonight.

肯定句：He said the naughty boy would be punished by him tonight. 否定句：He said the naughty boy wouldn’t be punished by him tonight. e. 现在进行时

结构：主语 ＋ am / is / are + being + 过去分词 主动句：He is telling a story now. 肯定句：A story is being told by him now. 否定句：A story isn’t being told by him now. 一般疑问句：Is a story being told by him now? f. 过去进行时

结构：主语＋was / were + being + 过去分词

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主动句：He was telling a story when I came in.

肯定句：A story was being told by him when I came in. 否定句：A story wasn’t being told by him when I came in. 一般疑问句：Was a story being told by him when I came in? g. 现在完成时

结构：主语＋have / has +been + 过去分词 主动句: The boy has finished the work.

肯定句: The work has been finished by the boy. 否定句: The work hasn’t been finished by the boy. 一般疑问句: Has the work been finished by the boy? h. 过去完成时

结构：主语 + had + been + 过去分词 主动句: They had built ten buildings by 2003.

肯定句: Ten buildings had been built by them by 2003. 否定句: Ten buildings hadn’t been built by them by 2003. 一般疑问句: Had ten buildings been built by them by 2003? i. 含有情态动词

结构：主语+can/may/must+be+过去分词 主动句: I can find it.

肯定句: It can be found by me. 否定句: It can’t be found by me. 一般疑问句: Can it be found by me? 2.被动语态的用法

(1) 不知道动作的执行者是谁。

English is taught in all middle schools. 所有中学都开设英语课。 (2) 没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。

The meeting was held last week. 会议上周召开了。 (3) 要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。 Teapots are used for drinking. 茶壶是饮水用的。

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3.被动语态中应注意的几个问题

(1) 在被动语态句子中要注意主语与谓语在人称和数方面要保持一致。 (2) 主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况：

a．have（有）以及和have构成的短语动词不能用于被动语态 b．不及物动词没有动作的承受者，不能用被动语态。

c．主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能变成被动句的主语。 d．主动句的宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不能变成被动句的主语。 (3) 注意有时用主动语态表示被动意义的情况。

例如： This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布很禁洗。

The machine made in China sell well abroad. 中国制造的机器在国外畅销

4. 被动语态和系表结构的区别

动词“be+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主要的区别是：被动语态强调动作，系表结构强调状态。我们还可以通过以下方法来判断： (1) 从形式上来看，被动语态往往接by施动者，而系表结构往往有固定的搭配。

如：be joined to, be connected with, be separated from, be covered with, be interested in, be surprised at, be satisfied with, be concerned about等。

We were surprised at the unexpected news. 听到这个意外消息，我们感到惊讶。(系表结构) 注意：句中有“by+人”时，多用被动语态；而“by+物”时，多属系表结构。 如：The house was surrounded by the police. 这房子被包围了。(被动语态)

The house was surrounded by trees. 这房子四周都是树。(系表结构，表示静止的状态) (2) 从时态上来看，被动语态的be时态要与动作发生的时间一致；而系表结构的be只有一般时或完成时，表示目前或过去的性质或状态。

如：This window was broken by Kate yesterday这窗户是凯特昨天打破的。 (被动语态)

This glass is broken. 这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构，指目前的状态)

(3)从句中的状语来看，过去分词前有well, very, quite等副词修饰的是系表结构；若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时，一般为被动语态。 The play is well written. 这剧本写得很好。(系表结构)

The play was written with great care. 这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态，有方式状语)

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(4)被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词，而系表结构中的过去分词可以是gone, fallen, risen等不及动词。

如下列两句是系表结构： My pen is gone. 我的钢笔不见了。 The sun is risen. 太阳升起来了。

In-Class Exercises 1. Good books ____ again and again.

A. should be readed B. should be read C. must read D. ought to read 2. The children ____ by the nurse.

A. were looked B. looked after C. were looked after D. looked 3. He ___ some pieces of advice, but he ____ to them. A. gave, didn't listen B. was given, wasn't listened C. give, wasn't listened D. was given, didn't listen 4. When____ the accident _____ ?

A. was, happen B. did, happen C. is, happen D. was, happened 5. The question ____ by us soon. A. is going to discuss B. will discuss

C. is going to be discussed D. has been discussed 6. The lab ____ about five years ago.

A. was builded B. was built C. builds D. has been built 7. A lot of tall buildings _____ in his hometown in the last three years. A. have set up B. have been set up C. were set up D. set up 8. They ____ printing 500 copies by the end of last month.

A. had finished B. have finished C. had been finished D. have been finished 9. Rice ___ also _____ in their hometown.

A. is…grown B. is…grew C. was…grew D. was…grown 10. He ____ by the teachers.

A. is always praised B. praises C. have been praised D. always is praised

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考点二：主动语态和被动语态的转换

1.主动语态变为被动语态的方法

(1) 将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句里的主语成分。把主动句里的宾格人称代词改为主格形式。

(2) 把主动结构的谓语动词改为be+过去分词形式。 (3) 将主动句的主语变为介词by的宾语。 例如：

People use radios for listening to the news.（主动）

→Radios are use for listening to the news by people.（被动） I posted a letter last week.（主动） →A letter was posted by me last week.（被动）

注意： 在make, let, see, hear, notice, watch, feel等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但这种句子如果变为被动语态时，则应加上to。

例如：We heard her sing an English song.（主动） →She was heard to sing an English song by us.（被动）

2.主动语态变为被动语态的主要类型 (1) 谓语动词只有一个宾语的。

例如： The workers are building a ship.（主动语态）

→The ship is being built by the workers.（被动语态） I have finished the exercises.（主动语态）

→The exercises have been finished by me.（被动语态）

(2) 谓语动词有两个宾语的，其中一个变为被动句的主语，另一个仍作为宾语，称为保留宾语。 例如： I sent him a present. （主动语态）

→He was sent a present by me.（被动语态） /A present was sent to him by me.（被动语态）

注意： a）在主动句中有些动词，如ask, answer, teach等变成被动句时，一般将间接宾语（指人的）改成被动句的主语。

例如： He asked us a lot of questions.（主动语态）

→We were asked a lot of questions by him.

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b)在主动句中有些动词，如build, buy, choose等变成被动句时，将直接宾语（指物的）改成被动句的主语。

例如： My father bought me a new bike.（主动语态）

→The new bike was bought for me by my father.（被动语态）

(3) 谓语动词后跟复合宾语，只把宾语改为被动句的主语，宾语补足语不变。 例如： He left the door open.（主动语态） 他让门开着。

→The door was left open by him.（被动语态） 门由他打开着。

(4) 许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于一个及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。

例如： We must take good care of our books.（主动语态） 我们应该保管好我们的书本。

→Our books must be taken good care of.（被动语态） 我们的书本应被保管好。（被动）

(5) 谓语动词含有情态动词时，只变及物动词为被动语态。结构：情态动词+be+过去分词（vt.） 例如： We must finish it at once. （主动语态） 我们必须马上做完这件事。

→It must be finished at once（被动语态） 这件事必须马上做完。

(6) 带有be going to结构的被动语态，被动结构表现在不定式上。结构：sth be going to be done。 例如： I am going to close the door.（主动语态） 我将去关门。

→The door is going to be closed.（被动语态） 门将要关上。

In-Class Exercises 一、把下列句子从主动语态改成被动语态 1. Mr. Green delivers our mail. 2. The children have eaten the cake. 3. Linda wrote that letter last night. 4. The jeweler is going to fix my watch. 5. Ms. Bond will teach our class next term. 6. They are repairing the car in the garage. 7. That company employs many people.

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After-Class Exercises 一、填空题

1.Most of the waste metal can______(put)to use again. 2.Some rocks in the sea may______(see) in the daytime. 3.This part of the seabed______(explore) many times.

4.Much useful information about these planets______-(collect) since 1971. 5.Outer space______-(not explore) by people before 1957. 6.Much parking space in cities______(save) by using small cars. 二、选择题

1.All the apparatus______before the experiment began.

(a) were prepared (b) had been prepared (c) had prepared (d) have been prepared 2.The professor gave orders that the test______before 5:30.

(a) be finished (b) will finish (c) will be finished (d) shall finish 3.I’ll be going to school on foot while my bicycle______.

(a) is being repaired (b) is repaired (c) will repaired (d) has been repaired 4.In recent years a number of communication satellites______into orbit about the earth. (a) have been put (b) were put (c) had put (d) are put 5.Perhaps most of the work______by this time tomorrow.

(a) will have been done (b) will be done (c)would have been done (d) has been done 6.If it had rained another ten minutes, the game______. (a) would have been called off (b) would have called off (c) would be called off (d) was called off

7.The teacher demanded that her students______on time every class. (a) are (b) be (c) were (d) had been

8.The radar sets______for quite a long time without any trouble.

(a) have been running (b) have been run (c) have run (d) were running

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9.If you had spoken clearly, you______.

(a) would have been understood (b) would have understood (c) were understood (d) would understand

10.While the ice box______, a number of defects were found.

(a) was being examined (b) was examined (c) was examining (d) had been examined 三、把下列句子从主动语态改成被动语态 1. They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.

2. The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he give her medicine. 3. They made the young head of the volleyball team. 4. Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination.

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