复----习(笔译)()(--)
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复 习
Unit 1
1. 直译
所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式――特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。但直译不是死译或硬译.
1) But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors.
但我恨坂本,并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。
这里to our ancestors 直译成“去见祖先”,既表达了原文的内容,又保持了原文的比喻,译文也通顺。如意译为“去送死”,虽反映了原文的内容,译文也算通顺,但失去了原文的形式,较为逊色。
2) Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.
希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的,可是不过几年,就被彻底击败了。
这里习语armed to the teeth,形象生动,且已用得很习惯了。如意译为“全副武装”,语气反而较弱。
3) To kill two birds with one stone; 一石二鸟
To shed crocodile’s tears; 掉鳄鱼的眼泪
Chain reaction; 连锁反应
Gentlemen’s agreement; 君子协定
纸老虎; paper tiger
2.意译
每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。当然,意译不是任意乱译。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥于原文的形式。
1) Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.
不必担心太早。(不必自寻烦恼。)
如译为“到了桥边才过桥”,未免费解。
2) Do you see any green in my eye?
你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗?
如按原文逐词直译为“你从我的眼睛里看到绿颜色吗?”更是不知所云,所以只能意译。
3) Adam’s apple 喉结
At sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱。
Practice: Put the following into Chinese, using either literal or free translation.
1. Every life has its roses and thorns.
2. He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time.
3. After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slipper
y ground.
4. He carried on his age astonishingly well.
5. She’d never again believe anything in trousers.
6. There were several straws in the wind. (A straw shows which way the wind blows.)
7. Nixon was pleased by the distinction(殊荣,荣誉), but not overwhelmed.
8. “I’ll have Czech where I want her.”
9. “How much did you suffer?” “Plenty.”
10. Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression.
1. 人生总是有苦有乐, 甘苦参半。(人生的道路既铺满鲜花, 又充满荆棘.)
2. 他是一个神枪手, 可这一次却遭到惨败.
3. 他上一篇小说写砸了, 他的名声从此岌岌可危.
4. 他一点不显老.
5. 她再也不愿相信任何男人了.
6. 真还有些蛛丝马迹可寻.
7. 尼克松对受到这种礼遇非常高兴, 但没受宠若惊.
8. “我要叫捷克乖乖听话.” (“我叫它东, 它不敢西.”)
9. “你吃了多大的苦啊?” “一言难尽.”
10. 而中国是一个变化无穷, 难以捉摸的国家.
Unit 2
一、遣词用字(diction)
1. 词的褒贬:
1) 在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。 -During the entire process of reform and opening, we must persistently oppose corruption.
-Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.
“反对”一词是中性,本无褒贬之分,译成oppose通常也可。但在这一例中,改成combat (与…作战)意义更为积极,能更准确地反映原文的积极语气。
2)可以说,这个期间我国财富有了巨额增加,整个国民经济上了一个新的台阶。 -It can be said that during this period, China’s wealth swelled considerably and the national economy mounted to a new stage.
-It can be said that during this period, and the economy expanded as a whole was raised to a new level.
“增加”本是中性词,swell原有“肿胀”之义,因而常用于贬义,可改为expanded/grew/increased等词。
3)听到你母亲逝世的消息后我非常悲痛。 -I am deeply grieved to hear that your mother kicked the bucket.(贬义)
2. 力求准确
1) 香港特别行政区将保持自由港和独立关税地区的地位。
-The Hongkong Special Administrative Region will keep the status of a free port and an independent customs territory.
-The Hongkong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory.
分析:原译会误认为香港特别行政区是一个独立于中国的政治实体。译文二改为separate,既有单独定税之义,又无闹独立之嫌,因而更为妥帖。
2) 中国的经济是一个大问题,各级领导务必优先考虑这一问题。
-China’s economy is a big problem, and leaders at all levels must give it a priority consideration.
a big problem 改为an important question/ a major issue
problem 表面上与“问题”对应,但problem 常用于消极意义。上面译文一使用problem,给人一种中国经济出现了严重问题的感觉,这是不妥的,改为中性的question/issue.
3.正式/非正式
正式文体中如法规文件往往需要使用正式用语,正式用语可表现在各个方面,名词化是一大特征。在口语中可说When I saw the stranger,书面语则可改为At the sight of the stranger.
非正式文体中,常用一个简单的动词加上一个小品词,如go on, make up 10%,go through the procedure 等,而在正式语体中则可能改为continue, constitute 10%, undergo the procedure.
-外商投资企业的外国投资以工业产权或者专有技术作为投资的,按照国家有关外商投资企业的法律和规定办理。 If the foreign investor in the foreign investment enterprise uses individual property rights or know-how as his equity share, this will be dealt with in accordance with relevant laws and regulations
of the state for foreign investment enterprises.
Know-how----proprietary technology, dealt with-----handled
4.变换用词:用不同的词表达同一意思。
1)非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰巨的斗争。
The people of Africa are waging a hard struggle to win the complete emancipation of the continent.
2)在改善物质生活的同时,充实精神生活。 While improving the people’s material well-being, we shall enrich their cultural life.
3)封建社会代替奴隶社会,资本社会代替封建社会,社会主义经历一个长过程发展后必然代替资本主义。 Feudal society replaced slave society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.
并不是说任何情况下都要追求变换用词,强求活跃文风。
4)当今世界上主要有两个问题,一个是和平问题,一个是发展问题。和平是有希望的,发展问题还没有得到解决。 There are two major global issues at present: one is peace and the other is development. There is hope for peace. The question of progress has yet to be solved.
这里“发展”是一个众所周知的固定概念,不宜译成两个不同的词。
5.用词轻重,范围大小
-我国的进出口贸易总额有了较大幅度的增长。
There has been a sharp increase in the total value of imports and exports.
sharp increase---big increase total value---total volume
-它的1200名工人和职员…
its 1200 workers and staff members
worker 包括staff
-她吓得魂不附体。 She was very afraid.
没有把被吓的程度表达出来。可改为:She was terrified out of her senses. “恐怖”可用frighten, scare, terrify(最强烈)
6.用词要具体
walk—stride—stroll—saunter
-在火车离开的前几分钟他阔步穿进火车站。 He strode through the station a few minutes before the train’s departure.
Stride refers to a swift, purposeful way of walking; it suggests long steps and an energetic rhythm.
-我们在傍晚凉爽的时候常在森林里漫游。 We would stroll in the wood in the cool of the evening.
Stroll emphasizes a slow movement, wandering and aimless, with suggestions of many starts and pauses.
-他吹着口哨沿着海滨漫步走着。 He was whistling as he sauntered along the beach.
Saunter means walk in a leisurely way.
7.同义词,近义词的选择
practicable—practical
Practicable means that which appears to be capable of being put into practice.
-我认为这个办法切实可行。
The method, I think, is practicable.
Practical means something that is known to be workable or effective.
-结果证明这个计划可行。 The plan proved to practical.
Practicable 不能用于人practical可以用于人。
-他是一个经验丰富的(讲求实际的)工程师。 He is a practical engineer.
代词的使用
-他今天说的话和昨天说的矛盾。 What he said today contradicts with that of yesterday.
His statements today contradict with what he said yesterday.
冠词
-我喜欢这些知识分子。 I like the intellectuals.
the intellectuals 可指“这些”也可泛指一切知识分子。最好改为 these intellectuals.
-你看见我那只鹿了吗? Have you seen my deer?
Have you seen that deer of mine?
Unit 3
翻译-增词法
I. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of amplification.
1. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
2. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.
3. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
4.ﻩWe won’t retreat; we never have and never will.
5. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.
6.ﻩThe KODAK Fiche reader 321A is easy to operate, versatile, compact and has a pleasing modern design.
7.ﻩThe pupil of eye responds to the change of light intensity.
8.ﻩOceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.
9.ﻩThe planet we live on is not just a ball of inert material.
10.ﻩThe early release of the crew alone would defuse these crises.
II. Put the following sentences into o amplification.
1. 请把这张表填一下,填完给我。
2. 要提倡顾全大局。
3. 吃饭防噎,走路防跌。
4. 送君千里,终有一别。
5. 一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三个帮。
6. 天气寒冷,河水都结冰了。
7. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
nglish,payingattention tE
8. 理论联系实际,这是我们应牢记的一条原则。
9. 天气这样闷,十之八九要下雨。
10. 他在战斗中表现突出,受到连长的表扬。
增词法译文 I.
1.读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修饰之学使人善辩。
2.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。
3.勇敢过度,即成蛮勇;感情过度,即成溺爱;俭约过度,即成贪婪。
4.我们不后退,我们从来没有后退过,我们将来也决不后退。
5.热情的主人又是切肉,又是倒茶,又是上菜,又是切面包,谈啊,笑啊,敬酒啊,忙个不停。
6.柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便,功能齐全,结构紧凑,造型美观。
7.瞳孔随光线的强弱变化而放大缩小。
8.海洋与其说是分隔了世界,不如说是连接了整个世界。
9.我们居住的星球并不是一个由惰性物质组成的球体。
10.只需及早释放机组人员就能解除危机。
II.
1. Please fill in this form,and give it to me when you have finished.
2. We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.
3.ﻩWhile eating, take heed that you do not choke; while walking, take heed that you do not fall.
4.ﻩAlthough you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.
5. A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
6.ﻩIt was so cold that the river froze.
7. urns.
While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and t
8. That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.
9.ﻩWith the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it’ll rain presently.
10;ﻩHe was commended by the company commander for his distinguished performance in the battle.
ﻬUnit 4
翻译-省略法I. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of omission.
1. If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.
2. These developing countries cover vast territories, encomp
ass a large population and abound in natural resources.
3. Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.
4. It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it.
5. Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge has given man the practical result of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by others.
6. There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness.
7. Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you.
8. The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.
9. For generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief
energy source to transport man from place to place.
10.ﻩIn order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature.
11. Radioactivity may cause illness that could be passed on to our children and grandchildren.
12. Patients with influenza must be separated from the well lest the disease should spread from person to person.
13.ﻩBacteria capable of causing disease are known as pathogenic, or disease-producing.
14.ﻩAmong the 18 species of penguins, 8 have chosen the environs of the South Pole as their habitats.
翻译-省略法2
1. 他这个人得寸进尺。
2. 这些发展中国家,土地辽阔,人口众多,资源丰富。(地大物博,人口众多)
3. 冬天是研究树木的最好季节;虽然树叶落了,树枝光了,但树木本身却很美丽。
4. 说有饭大家吃并不完全正确。
5. 人类对科学的探索,对知识的寻求,其结果是使人类具有避免天灾人祸的能力。
6. 他从容不迫,和蔼可亲。(他举止不慌不忙,十分友好。)
7. 不要自找麻烦。
8. 与人同乐才是真乐。
9. 几十年来,煤和石油一直被认为是交通运输的主要能源。
10. 为了生存,为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行,人类和大自然不断进行斗争。
11. 放射线可以引起遗传性疾病。
12. 流感病人必须与健康人隔开,以免疾病传播。
13. 可引起疾病的细菌成为致病菌。
14. 在18种企鹅中,有8种栖息在南极四周。
Unit 5
翻译—转换
1. 没有原则的人最不可靠。
2. 他的笑容、他和别人握手时那股热情劲儿,都哪儿去了呢?
3. 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。
4. 采用这种装置可以大大降低废品率。
5. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。
6. 我们的方针是,一切民族、一切国家的长处都要学。
7. In point of fact, the question of rightness or wrongness simply does not enter into the dispute.
8. The man who appears at a party or a reception in a not-too-c
lean plaid shirt, without tie, or at a business meeting with a two-day growth of beard will never be mistaken for an absent-minded genius. People will assume that he is crude, or anxious to be “different” at all costs---or a desperate failure.
9. No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of people of the old generation back to 36 years ago.
10. We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars.
翻译-转换译文2
1. The man devoid of principle is the last to be trusted.
2. Where was his smile and hearty handgrasp?
3. The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking efforts.
4. The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the perc
entage of defective products.
5. In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.
6. Our policy is to learn from all nations and countries their strong points.
7. 事实上,在这场争论中并不存在谁是谁非的问题。
8. 一个人穿一件不太干净的方格衬衫不系领带去赴宴会或参加招待会,或者两天不刮胡子去洽谈生意,人家绝不会把它当作一个不修边幅的天才,而会认为它粗野、狂妄,不择手段地要“标新立异”;要麽,他在人家的印象中是一个失意者:看样子是要破罐子破摔了。
9. 难怪老一辈的许多人一见到它就会想到36年前的往事。
10. 我们反对一切战争,特别是反对王朝战争。
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