写作中误用的冠词
要点
1. 冠词成员包括：定冠词the, 不定冠词a(n) 和零冠词 ()。
2. 所指Reference的三个重要意义所指：类指 Generic reference, 特指Specific reference和独指Unique reference。
一、类指 Generic reference
1. () Tigers are dangerous animals.
2. A tiger is a dangerous animal.
3. The tiger is a dangerous animal.
所有冠词均有类指功能。
但，形态不同，内涵肯定有别
1. () Tigers are dangerous animals.
零冠词在可数复数名词前表达类指意义时，all能替代零冠词：
Tigers are dangerous animals.
All tigers are dangerous animals.
() Horses are useful animals.
All horses are useful animals.
() Monkeys are active tree-climbing animals, belonging to that class of animals most like man.
All monkeys are active tree-climbing animals, belonging to that class of animals most like man.
2. A tiger is a dangerous animal.
不定冠词在可数单数名词前表达类指意义时，each, every和any 能替代不定冠词：
A horse is a useful animal.
Every horse is a useful animal.
Each horse is a useful animal.
Any horse is a useful animal.
A desk has four legs.
Every desk has four legs.
Each desk has four legs.
Any desk has four legs.
零冠词和不定冠词类指的差别可视为all （强调全体）和every或each或any（侧重每一个体）的差别。
3. The tiger is a dangerous animal.
表达属性意义的类指应是定冠词和可数单数名词的合作：
The horse (as a particular species of animal) is a useful animal.
The Industrial Revolution was marked by the replacement of the steam ship for the boat.
*? The Industrial Revolution was marked by the replacement of () steamships for () boats.
*The Industrial Revolution was marked by the replacement of all steamships for all boats.
*? The Industrial Revolution was marked by the replacement of a steamship for a boat.
*The Industrial Revolution was marked by the replacement of every steamship for every boat.
此处希望表达的是代表不同生产力和生产关系的汽船与木船的不同属性。
1. () Tigers are dangerous animals.
唯有零冠词能在不可数名词前完成类指的表达：
() Water is indispensable for life.
() Wood catches fire easily.
() Coffee is a popular drink in the world.
() Honesty is the best policy.
() Architecture is one of the Fine Arts.
二、特指Specific reference
1. 特指分有定特指Definite和不定特指 Indefinite。
2. 有定特指由定冠词the实现，又分前指Backward reference, 后指Forward reference和情景所指Situational reference三类。
前指：We came to a door. To our great disappointment, the door was locked.
后指：This is the place where we camped last year.
情景所指：由语境决定
Close the door please.
比较：
Close the door of the classroom please.
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3. 不定特指:
不定特指由不定冠词和可数单数名词表达：
A thief must have been in the house, for a vase is missing.
或由零冠词和复数或不可数名词表达：
There were no people to be seen, only () cars running along the street.
4.区分有定特指和不定特指：
They are the students of Class Two. (all the students of Class Two).
They are () students of Class Two. (some students of Class Two).
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三、独指Unique reference
1. 独指分别由定冠词和零冠词表达，名词常为专有名词。
2. 常见的定冠词the独指现象：
A.地理名称
a.河流
the Yangtze River the Avon the Euphrates the Mississippi
b. 海洋
the Pacific Ocean the Mediterranean the Yellow Sea
b.运河
the Suez Canal the Panama
d. 山脉
the Himalayas the Alps the Rockies the Tai Mountain
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三、独指Unique reference
B.著名建筑
the Grand Hotel the British Museum
C.报纸，新闻媒体
the Economist the New York Times the Observer
the Washington Post the British Broadcasting Corporation
D.部分国名
the Netherlands the United States the United Nations
3. 常见的零冠词独指现象：
A.人名
() Dr Johnson () Hitler
B.节日
() Christmas () Independence Day () Easter () Passover
C.月份，星期
() January () Monday
D. 洲名，国名，城镇
() Europe () Africa () Australia
E. 湖泊，山峰
() Silver Lake () Mount Everest () Vesuvius
4. 零冠词在非专有名词前也能表示独指：
(daughter to mother) Where is () father hiding?
John was elected () chairman of the students’ union.
Who is () monitor?
() Uncle will come on Monday.
Mr. Kennedy, President of the United States, was murdered in 1963.
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四、习语Idiomatic use
1. 定冠词类：
What you said is beside the point.
That will be enough for the present; if I need any more, I’ll let you know.
The sick man’s condition changed for the worse.
Under the circumstances, we had to wait for the rain to stop.
In the main, the students did well on the test.
Everything came right in the end.
Drivers must be on the alert for traffic signals.
The production of bicycles and sewing machines is on the increase this month.
The view of important events is often broadcast on the spot over television.
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四、习语Idiomatic use
2. 不定冠词类：
The ship rode at () anchor in the harbor.
The letter was opened by () mistake.
The patient’s life was at () stake.
Beyond () question, it was the coldest day of this winter.
What on () earth are you doing?
He did everything by () rule.
We can’t attend the meeting in () person.
The methods of teaching are out of () date.
Design must keep () pace with technological innovation.
Are we going by () land or by () sea?
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神奇的零冠词
1. 使单数可数名词意义抽象化：
He has gone to the school for his daughter.
She is only six but she has gone to () school.
He went to the hospital to see a friend this morning.
He is seriously ill and he has to be in () hospital.
He found his keys on the table.
They were at () table when we got there.
He is a very modest man.
He isn’t () man enough to admit his mistake.
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神奇的零冠词
2. 形成丰富多彩的平行结构：
He knows the subject from beginning to end.
I was drenched with rain from head to foot.
Day after day, week after week, and month after month, they worked on.
Tom and Mary walked along hand in hand in the park.
He drank the medicine bit by bit.
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厉害了，7色-定冠词
He plays the bugle well.
Bill can play the piano quite well although he is only seven.
Will you play the chess with me?
We sell potatoes by the kilo.
Eggs are sold by the dozen.
Can we pay by the week?
In this job, we are paid by the hour.
The 1930s were Mickey’s golden age.
In the 30’s there was great unemployment.
He is the kindest man I know.
We like him the best of all.
Austin looked both to the north and to the east.
Don’t forget that your income tax is due on the fifteenth of April.
The smaller the computer the faster it can work.
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翻译小能手
1.关于科学技术存在许多争论，其中一个问题是：当国家发展现代科学技术是，传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡？
2. 我认为，传统技术方法消亡不一定是坏事，这是社会进步的必然结果。
3. 首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代社会科技的发展。
4. 尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法都是愚昧的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们再使用这些方法。
5. 第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应被现代科技取代。
6. 尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据证明它并没有人们想象的那么有用。
7. 通过以上讨论，我坚定的相信时间会证明传统方法将会随着现代技术发展而消亡，坚持传统技术的方法是徒劳的。
1. 近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛的关注。
2. 许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游业。
3. 但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成灾难性的影响。
4. 就我而言，我坚定认为国外旅游者的数量应该得到限制，理由如下：
5. 另外，为了吸引旅游者，修建了大量人工设施，这对环境是不利的。
6. 由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增
加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。
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